Table 2 Population statistics for Spodoptera frugiperda populations from Southeast Asia (i.e., Malaysia (MYS; Johor, Kedah, Penang), Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar), East Asia (i.e., South Korea), and Pacific/Australia (i.e., Papua New Guinea (PNG), Australia).

From: Complex multiple introductions drive fall armyworm invasions into Asia and Australia

Pop ID	% HWE	Av. Het (Obs)	s.e	Av. Hom(Obs)	s.e	Av. Het(Exp)	s.e	Av. Hom(Exp)	s.e	Nt. Div (π)	s.e	Av. Fis	s.e
AUS_Kununnura	0.69	0.386	0.011	0.614	0.011	0.272	0.006	0.728	0.006	0.277	0.006	− 0.265	0.075
AUS_NT	0.62	0.381	0.015	0.619	0.015	0.236	0.008	0.764	0.008	0.258	0.009	− 0.239	0.012
AUS_Strathmore	0.70	0.407	0.011	0.594	0.011	0.286	0.006	0.714	0.006	0.291	0.006	− 0.277	0.040
AUS_Walkamin	0.74	0.394	0.010	0.606	0.010	0.281	0.006	0.719	0.006	0.286	0.006	− 0.264	0.038
AUS_Burdekin	0.70	0.395	0.011	0.605	0.011	0.281	0.006	0.719	0.006	0.286	0.006	− 0.266	0.037
AUS_Mackay	0.72	0.391	0.012	0.609	0.012	0.269	0.007	0.731	0.007	0.290	0.007	− 0.212	0.013
AUS_Wee Waa	0.64	0.393	0.013	0.607	0.013	0.257	0.007	0.743	0.007	0.275	0.008	− 0.245	0.017
PNG	0.72	0.403	0.011	0.597	0.011	0.284	0.006	0.716	0.006	0.292	0.006	− 0.261	0.022
Johor_MYS	0.80	0.400	0.011	0.600	0.011	0.279	0.006	0.721	0.006	0.294	0.006	− 0.238	0.017
Kedah_MYS	0.35	0.377	0.016	0.623	0.016	0.224	0.009	0.776	0.009	0.237	0.009	− 0.281	0.030
Penang_MYS	0.75	0.396	0.012	0.604	0.012	0.271	0.007	0.729	0.007	0.287	0.007	− 0.236	0.015
Laos	0.79	0.390	0.010	0.610	0.010	0.282	0.005	0.718	0.005	0.289	0.006	− 0.246	0.034
Vietnam	0.87	0.404	0.011	0.596	0.011	0.286	0.006	0.714	0.006	0.300	0.006	− 0.238	0.020
Myanmar	0.73	0.410	0.011	0.590	0.011	0.289	0.006	0.711	0.006	0.298	0.006	− 0.264	0.017
India	0.77	0.406	0.010	0.594	0.010	0.289	0.006	0.711	0.006	0.301	0.006	− 0.243	0.000
ChinaCY	0.73	0.399	0.011	0.601	0.011	0.279	0.006	0.721	0.006	0.287	0.006	− 0.263	0.000
ChinaXP	0.68	0.404	0.011	0.596	0.011	0.280	0.006	0.720	0.006	0.290	0.006	− 0.262	0.000
ChinaYJ	0.71	0.403	0.011	0.597	0.011	0.280	0.006	0.720	0.006	0.292	0.006	− 0.251	0.000
Philippines	0.74	0.412	0.011	0.588	0.011	0.289	0.006	0.711	0.006	0.297	0.006	− 0.271	0.026
Skorea	0.68	0.413	0.012	0.587	0.012	0.278	0.007	0.722	0.007	0.291	0.007	− 0.267	0.023
Uganda	0.75	0.434	0.010	0.566	0.010	0.306	0.005	0.694	0.005	0.316	0.005	− 0.275	0.000
Malawi	0.69	0.449	0.010	0.551	0.010	0.314	0.005	0.686	0.005	0.324	0.005	− 0.291	0.000
Benin	0.79	0.415	0.013	0.586	0.013	0.277	0.007	0.723	0.007	0.317	0.008	− 0.184	0.000

Populations from Australia (AUS) are Kununurra from Western Australia (WA), Northern Territory (NT), from Queensland (Qld; Strathmore, Walkamin, Burdekin, Mackay), and New South Wales (NSW; Wee Waa). Invasive populations from Benin (BE), Uganda (UG), Tanzania (TZ), Malawi (MW), India (IN), and China (CH, CC, CY, CX) were from³³. Nucleotide diversity: (Nt Div, π); Avg. Het_exp, average expected heterozygosity; Avg. Het_obs, average observed heterozygosity; Avg. Hom_exp, average expected homozygosity; Avg. Homt_obs, average observed homozygosity; % HWE, per centage loci in Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium; F_IS, inbreeding coefficient. Refer to Table S1 and “Material and methods” sections for population details and how the statistics were calculated.

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Table 2 Population statistics for Spodoptera frugiperda populations from Southeast Asia (i.e., Malaysia (MYS; Johor, Kedah, Penang), Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar), East Asia (i.e., South Korea), and Pacific/Australia (i.e., Papua New Guinea (PNG), Australia).

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