Figure 3

CD19-positive exosomes activate CAR T cells. A IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion by CD19-CAR T cells cultured in the presence of increasing concentrations of CD19⁺ or CD19⁻EVs. Analysis of IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion by CD19-CAR T cells in the absence of stimulation is shown as control. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three experimental replicates in at least two independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. B Targeted multiplex analysis of CD19-CAR T cells (n = 2) treated with CD19⁺ or CD19⁻ EVs. Untreated CD19-CAR T cells were used as a control. Heatmap represents genes with highest (red) and lowest (blue) expression (p value < 0.01, fold change > 1.5). Color key indicates the changes of normalized expression values.