Table 3 Pregnancy outcomes of the overall study population according to the presence of congenital anomalies.

Any congenital anomalies

1.86 (1.49–2.31)*

1.51 (1.04–2.19)^‡

9.69 (7.26–12.92)*

5.44 (3.1–9.55)*

33.41 (20.27–55.05)*

17.26 (6.31–47.18)*

97.43 (64.3–147.62)*

76.16 (37.96–152.8)*

35.55 (25.99–48.64)*

34.03 (20.51–56.46)*

0.55 (0.28–1.07)

0.72 (0.26–1.96)

4.99 (3.97–6.28)*

4.17 (2.75–6.32)*

5.91 (4.71–7.41)*

5.88 (3.92–8.82)*

Nationality

 Qatari

0.88 (0.78–1)^‡

1.45 (1.02–2.07)^‡

1.53 (0.51–4.61)

2.16 (0.86–5.43)

0.95 (0.81–1.12)

0.83 (0.61–1.13)

1.25 (1.03–1.52)^‡

1.61 (1.32–1.96)*

 Other arabs

0.91 (0.82–1)

0.96 (0.69–1.34)

1.27 (0.47–3.43)

1 (0.4–2.5)

0.9 (0.79–1.03)

1.54 (1.23–1.92)*

0.92 (0.77–1.1)

0.75 (0.63–0.91)^†

 Other nationalities

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Pregnancy type

 Singleton

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Multiple

7.19 (5.61–9.21)*

2.6 (1.61–4.2)*

2.57 (0.69–9.53)

2.41 (0.72–8.09)

5.4 (4.34–6.71)*

0.05 (0.01–0.38)^†

20.3 (16.09–25.6)*

24.83 (19.57–31.49)*

Diabetes

 None

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 GDM

1.02 (0.93–1.12)

0.98 (0.73–1.32)

0.92 (0.38–2.18)

1.27 (0.61–2.64)

1.12 (0.99–1.27)

1.04 (0.85–1.27)

1.12 (0.95–1.31)

0.95 (0.8–1.13)

 PGDM

2.92 (2.31–3.68)*

1.97 (1.16–3.35)^‡

0.86 (0.11–6.65)

0 (0–)

2.49 (1.93–3.2)*

1.28 (0.8–2.05)

2.86 (2.13–3.83)*

1.29 (0.89–1.86)

Pregnancy mode

 Spontaneous

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Assisted conception

1.6 (1.28–2)*

0.91 (0.52–1.6)

1.07 (0.24–4.71)

0.73 (0.19–2.76)

1.42 (1.12–1.81)^†

0.37 (0.15–0.91)^‡

1.67 (1.27–2.2)*

1.62 (1.22–2.14)^†

Maternal BMI

 Normal

 Underweight

0.56 (0.4–0.79)^†

0.68 (0.25–1.88)

0 (0–)

0.97 (0.11–8.25)

1.09 (0.76–1.56)

0.59 (0.24–1.45)

1.55 (1.01–2.37)^‡

1.91 (1.31–2.8)^†

 Overweight

1.37 (1.23–1.53)*

0.88 (0.63–1.23)

1.1 (0.42–2.88)

0.88 (0.35–2.24)

0.97 (0.84–1.12)

1.56 (1.21–2)*

0.98 (0.82–1.18)

0.75 (0.62–0.9)^†

 Obese

2.04 (1.82–2.28)*

1.04 (0.74–1.45)

1.15 (0.43–3.11)

1.62 (0.69–3.81)

1.04 (0.9–1.21)

1.89 (1.47–2.43)*

1.13 (0.94–1.36)

0.75 (0.62–0.91)^†

Chromosomal or genetic anomalies

2.03 (1.17–3.51)^‡

1.96 (0.79–4.87)

14.43 (7.65–27.23)*

8.69 (2.5–30.27)^†

28.05 (8.48–92.77)*

53.11 (10.89–258.92)*

165.17 (81.31–335.53)*

221.49 (74.74–656.36)*

9,238,304,805 (0–)

9,600,000,000 (0–)

0.39 (0.05–2.85)

0 (0–)

6.5 (3.72–11.38)*

6.84 (2.81–16.64)*

8.1 (4.66–14.09)*

10.05 (4.15–24.32)*

Maternal age

 20–34 years

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 < 20 years

0.55 (0.36–0.83)^†

1 (0.36–2.75)

0 (0–)

0 (0–)

0.72 (0.45–1.15)

1.22 (0.53–2.82)

1.01 (0.6–1.72)

1.32 (0.84–2.08)

 ≥ 35 years

1.6 (1.44–1.78)*

1.33 (0.95–1.86)

1.19 (0.44–3.23)

1.66 (0.68–4.07)

1.35 (1.17–1.55)*

0.96 (0.76–1.22)

1.33 (1.13–1.56)^†

1.14 (0.95–1.36)

Parity

 Nulliparous

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Parity ≥ 1

1.08 (0.98–1.2)

0.58 (0.43–0.79)*

0.9 (0.34–2.41)

1.77 (0.5–6.28)

0.59 (0.52–0.67)*

1.62 (1.26–2.08)*

0.83 (0.71–0.97)^‡

0.65 (0.56–0.76)*

Maternal BMI

 Normal

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Underweight

0.57 (0.41–0.8)^†

0.67 (0.24–1.86)

0 (0–)

0.92 (0.09–9.5)

0.96 (0.67–1.39)

0.63 (0.25–1.55)

1.2 (0.8–1.82)

1.48 (1.02–2.13)^‡

 Overweight

1.32 (1.18–1.47)*

0.99 (0.7–1.4)

0.98 (0.36–2.68)

0.57 (0.18–1.77)

1.06 (0.92–1.22)

1.47 (1.14–1.89)^†

1.08 (0.91–1.28)

0.92 (0.77–1.08)

 Obese

1.9 (1.71–2.12)*

1.26 (0.89–1.77)

0.94 (0.33–2.69)

1.2 (0.45–3.24)

1.24 (1.07–1.43)^†

1.77 (1.37–2.27)*

1.36 (1.15–1.61)*

1.06 (0.89–1.26)

CNS anomalies

1.95 (0.81–4.68)

1.48 (0.58–3.79)

28.12 (11.45–69.05)*

23.37 (9.15–59.72)*

112.21 (36.35–346.37)*

81.28 (24.45–270.19)*

178.93 (62.45–512.69)*

130.82 (40.13–426.43)*

9,238,304,805 (0–)

8,000,000,000 (0–)

0 (0–)

0 (0–)

9.29 (3.86–22.35)*

8.09 (3.04–21.53)*

10.96 (4.45–27.01)*

11.03 (4.18–29.15)*

Pregnancy type

 Singleton

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Multiple

8.96 (7.64–10.51)*

4.37 (3.44–5.55)*

6.04 (3.19–11.44)*

10.91 (5.94–20.04)*

6.78 (5.96–7.72)*

0.02 (0–0.13)*

25.64 (22.28–29.5)*

26.84 (23.32–30.88)*

CVS anomalies

2.61 (1.81–3.77)*

2.28 (1.56–3.35)*

7.17 (4.26–12.07)*

6.16 (3.6–10.53)*

15.89 (5.66–44.58)*

12.85 (4.47–36.98)*

34.16 (15.09–77.32)*

25.74 (11–60.24)*

50.04 (27.51–91.02)*

49.39 (27.05–90.21)*

0.88 (0.36–2.15)

0.98 (0.4–2.42)

4.83 (3.29–7.09)*

4.47 (2.9–6.89)*

5.73 (3.93–8.37)*

5.56 (3.64–8.48)*

Pregnancy type

 Singleton

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Multiple

6.94 (5.87–8.22)*

3.81 (2.85–5.09)*

7.22 (3.5–14.91)*

7.5 (3.53–15.92)*

5.6 (4.83–6.49)*

0.02 (0–0.15)*

19.75 (16.88–23.1)*

20.76 (17.74–24.3)*

Pregnancy mode

 Spontaneous

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Assisted conception

2.02 (1.72–2.37)*

1.26 (0.89–1.78)

0.49 (0.15–1.55)

0.93 (0.35–2.47)

1.56 (1.31–1.85)*

0.81 (0.52–1.27)

1.91 (1.58–2.32)*

1.92 (1.58–2.33)*

Facial anomalies

0.78 (0.24–2.48)

3.24 (0.42–24.84)

0 (0–)

0 (0–)

14.3 (4.48–45.61)*

3.28 (0.73–14.66)

3.72 (1.16–11.86)^‡

1.64 (0.37–7.35)

Renal anomalies

0.87 (0.44–1.71)

1.02 (0.32–3.28)

0 (0–)

0 (0–)

0 (0–)

0 (0–)

0 (0–)

0 (0–)

2.25 (1.12–4.52)^‡

1.9 (0.59–6.1)

0 (0–)

0 (0–)

1.37 (0.53–3.5)

1.34 (0.3–6.02)

1.13 (0.4–3.18)

1.07 (0.24–4.86)

Nationality

 Qatari

1 (0.89–1.13)

1.59 (1.11–2.29)^‡

1.22 (0.36–4.1)

4.33 (1.14–16.42)^‡

1.19 (1.02–1.39)^‡

0.75 (0.55–1.02)

1.75 (1.47–2.09)*

2.18 (1.83–2.6)*

 Other arabs

0.94 (0.85–1.03)

1.04 (0.74–1.45)

1.16 (0.42–3.24)

1.57 (0.4–6.15)

0.97 (0.85–1.1)

1.52 (1.21–1.9)*

1.05 (0.89–1.23)

0.91 (0.77–1.08)

 Other nationalities

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Parity

 Nulliparous

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Parity ≥ 1

1.19 (1.08–1.31)

0.6 (0.45–0.8)^†

0.95 (0.36–2.51)

2.04 (0.58–7.22)

0.62 (0.55–0.7)*

1.59 (1.24–2.04)*

0.85 (0.73–0.99)^‡

0.65 (0.56–0.75)*

Diabetes

 None

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 GDM

0.98 (0.89–1.07)

1 (0.74–1.35)

1 (0.39–2.54)

1.09 (0.42–2.84)

1.08 (0.95–1.22)

1.05 (0.86–1.29)

1 (0.87–1.16)

0.86 (0.74–1)

 PGDM

2.72 (2.16–3.43)*

2.31 (1.36–3.93)^†

1.36 (0.17–10.7)

0 (0–)

2.41 (1.88–3.09)*

1.21 (0.75–1.95)

2.38 (1.81–3.13)*

1.24 (0.88–1.73)

Maternal BMI

 Normal

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Underweight

0.55 (0.39–0.76)*

0.7 (0.25–1.94)

0 (0–)

2.42 (0.29–20.3)

0.95 (0.66–1.36)

0.65 (0.26–1.61)

1.19 (0.78–1.81)

1.46 (1–2.11)^‡

 Overweight

1.35 (1.21–1.5)*

1 (0.71–1.41)

1.17 (0.42–3.28)

0.58 (0.16–2.1)

1.05 (0.92–1.21)

1.45 (1.13–1.87)^†

1.06 (0.89–1.25)

0.89 (0.75–1.05)

 Obese

1.97 (1.77–2.21)*

1.16 (0.81–1.65)

0.93 (0.29–2.94)

1.11 (0.36–3.35)

1.19 (1.03–1.38)^‡

1.71 (1.32–2.21)*

1.25 (1.05–1.49)^‡

0.98 (0.82–1.17)

Other congenital anomalies

1.11 (0.47–2.65)

0.66 (0.25–1.77)

4.22 (0.98–18.09)

2.7 (0.6–12.08)

44.88 (10.24–196.67)*

28.88 (6–139.08)*

25.56 (3.37–194.02)^†

13.85 (1.64–116.92)^‡

57.19 (13.36–244.76)*

49.89 (11.47–216.98)*

0.94 (0.13–6.97)

0.97 (0.13–7.32)

3.48 (1.36–8.91)

1.74 (0.52–5.82)

3.7 (1.45–9.47)^†

2.15 (0.64–7.2)

Nationality

 Qatari

0.97 (0.9–1.04)

1.01 (0.8–1.26)

0.87 (0.42–1.83)

1.87 (0.89–3.93)

0.9 (0.82–0.99)^‡

0.81 (0.68–0.97)^‡

1.15 (1.02–1.29)^‡

1.21 (1.08–1.37)^†

 Other arabs

0.97 (0.91–1.03)

0.95 (0.78–1.15)

1 (0.54–1.84)

0.94 (0.44–2)

0.88 (0.81–0.95)^†

1.45 (1.27–1.65)*

0.79 (0.71–0.88)*

0.65 (0.58–0.73)*

 Other nationalities

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Pregnancy type

 Singleton

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Multiple

7.08 (5.98–8.38)*

3.92 (2.93–5.26)*

7.98 (3.83–16.61)*

13.73 (6.82–27.64)*

5.78 (4.98–6.7)*

0.02 (0–0.15)*

20.26 (17.3–23.74)*

21.71 (18.5–25.48)*

Pregnancy mode

 Spontaneous

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Assisted conception

2.02 (1.72–2.38)*

1.25 (0.88–1.79)

0.49 (0.15–1.59)

0.47 (0.16–1.37)

1.55 (1.31–1.84)*

0.81 (0.51–1.3)

1.85 (1.52–2.24)*

1.85 (1.52–2.26)*

Gender

 Male

1.09 (1.03–1.15)

1.23 (1.04–1.45)^‡

1.23 (0.72–2.1)

1.26 (0.7–2.27)

1.25 (1.17–1.35)*

1.66 (1.47–1.88)*

1.17 (1.06–1.28)^†

0.82 (0.75–0.91)*

 Female

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Multiple congenital anomalies

2 (1.25–3.22)

0.96 (0.4–2.31)

18.45 (10.98–31.02)*

13 (4.96–34.09)*

76.07 (37.01–156.38)*

38.34 (7.91–185.8)*

324.58 (184.23–571.85)*

250.12 (84.89–736.89)*

9,238,304,805 (0–)

7,780,000,000 (0–)

0 (0–)

0 (0–)

7.15 (4.43–11.53)*

4.12 (1.66–10.23)^†

10.76 (6.7–17.3)*

7.31 (3.04–17.6)*

Parity

 Nulliparous

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Parity ≥ 1

1.27 (1.15–1.41)*

0.62 (0.47–0.83)^†

0.78 (0.32–1.92)

1.59 (0.58–4.38)

0.67 (0.59–0.75)*

1.52 (1.19–1.95)^†

1.02 (0.87–1.18)

0.78 (0.67–0.91)^†

Diabetes

 None

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 GDM

0.98 (0.9–1.08)

0.97 (0.72–1.3)

0.91 (0.36–2.26)

1.14 (0.48–2.73)

1.07 (0.95–1.21)

1.05 (0.86–1.29)

0.98 (0.84–1.14)

0.82 (0.7–0.96)^‡

 PGDM

2.83 (2.24–3.56)*

2.24 (1.32–3.82)^†

1.02 (0.13–8.14)

0 (0–)

2.52 (1.96–3.23)*

1.09 (0.68–1.76)

2.67 (2.02–3.53)*

1.36 (0.96–1.92)

Pregnancy mode

 Spontaneous

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Assisted conception

3.43 (2.83–4.17)*

1.64 (1.01–2.65)^‡

2.27 (0.63–8.16)

1.52 (0.36–6.47)

3.11 (2.55–3.79)*

0.21 (0.08–0.5)*

7.67 (6.29–9.35)*

8.17 (6.7–9.97)*

Maternal BMI

 Normal

Ref

Ref

Ref

(–)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Underweight

0.55 (0.39–0.77)*

0.67 (0.24–1.86)

0 (0–)

1.22 (0.12–11.91)

0.99 (0.68–1.42)

0.63 (0.25–1.55)

1.27 (0.83–1.95)

1.57 (1.08–2.29)^‡

 Overweight

1.33 (1.2–1.48)*

1.01 (0.72–1.41)

1.35 (0.49–3.68)

0.69 (0.23–2.07)

1.04 (0.91–1.2)

1.47 (1.15–1.9)^†

1.05 (0.88–1.24)

0.86 (0.73–1.03)

 Obese

1.89 (1.69–2.11)*

1.17 (0.82–1.65)

1.03 (0.34–3.13)

1.09 (0.39–3)

1.15 (1–1.33)

1.77 (1.37–2.28)*

1.2 (1.01–1.43)^‡

0.93 (0.77–1.11)