Table 1 Sample characteristics (N = 2166).

Characteristics	Never poverty N = 1724 (79.6%)		Ever poverty N = 442		Timing of poverty exposure
Characteristics	Never poverty N = 1724 (79.6%)		Ever poverty N = 442		Poverty in pregnancy, all ^a N = 326 (15.1%)		Poverty in childhood, all ^a N = 331 (15.3%)
Child sex
Male, N, %	843	48.9	215	48.6	158	48.5	164	49.5
Female, N, %	881	51.1	227	51.4	168	51.5	167	50.5
Child age at MRI measurement (years), mean, SD	10.1	0.6	10.2	0.6	10.2	0.5	10.1	0.5
Child school performance (CITO score), mean, SD	539.9	7.7	534.0	9.2	533.5	8.8	534.0	8.8
Maternal ethnicity
Dutch, N, %	1250	72.5	115	26.0	57	17.5	93	28.1
Non Dutch Western, N, %	241	14.0	30	6.8	24	7.4	18	5.4
Non Western, N, %	233	13.5	297	67.2	245	75.2	220	66.5
Maternal education at pregnancy ^b
High, N, %	684	39.7	17	3.8	11	3.4	10	3.1
Mid-high, N, %	492	28.5	67	15.2	39	12.2	48	14.5
Mid-low, N, %	435	25.2	172	38.9	118	36.2	126	38.1
Low, N, %	113	6.6	186	42.1	158	48.5	147	44.4
Maternal IQ ^c, mean, SD	101.0	12.5	90.3	15.0	89.1	14.9	88.8	15.0
Parental psychiatric symptoms at pregnancy
Mother ^d, median, IQR	0.12	0.2	0.27	0.5	0.35	0.6	0.29	0.6
Father ^e, median, IQR	0.06	0.1	0.12	0.2	0.14	0.3	0.12	0.3

The data was combined across imputed datasets.
Non-Dutch-Western includes Indonesian, American, Asian, European, Oceanian. Non-Western includes Cape Verdean, Moroccan, Dutch Antillean, Surinamese, Turkish, African, American non-Western, Asian non-Western.
Ever poverty is a total of "poverty in pregnancy only", "poverty in childhood only" and "chronic poverty".
Abbreviations: MRI magnetic resonance imaging, SD standard deviation, CITO Centraal Instituut voor Test Ontwikkeling, IQR interquartile range.
^aThese populations are not mutually exclusive. To see the mutually exclusive sample categorization, refer to Supplementary Table 1.
^bMissing data N = 54 (2.5%).
^cMissing data N = 138 (6.4%).
^dMissing data N = 233 (10.8%).
^eMissing data N = 583 (26.9%).

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