Table 4 the association of poverty wth brain morphology among children of Dutch majority and non-Western minority ethnic groups (N = 1895).

	N	Total brain volume			Cortical gray matter volume			Cerebral white matter volume			Mean hippocampus volume			Mean amygdala volume
	N	B	95%CI	p value	B	95%CI	p value	B	95%CI	p value	B	95%CI	p value	B	95%CI	p value
Dutch (N = 1365)
Never poverty	1250	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Ever poverty	115	− 0.21	− 0.38 to − 0.04	0.02	− 0.18	− 0.36 to − 0.004	0.04	− 0.22	− 0.40 to − 0.05	0.01	0.03	− 0.13 to 0.19	0.68	− 0.07	− 0.23 to 0.09	0.40
No poverty in pregnancy	1308	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Poverty in pregnancy, all	57	− 0.17	− 0.41 to 0.06	0.15	− 0.18	− 0.42 to 0.06	0.14	− 0.17	− 0.41 to 0.07	0.16	0.09	− 0.13 to 0.31	0.41	− 0.19	− 0.40 to 0.03	0.09
No poverty in childhood	1272	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Poverty in childhood, all	93	− 0.23	− 0.41 to − 0.04	0.02	− 0.18	− 0.37 to 0.01	0.07	− 0.26	− 0.45 to − 0.06	0.01 *	0.06	− 0.11 to 0.24	0.50	− 0.01	− 0.19 to 0.16	0.89
Non Western (N = 530)
Never poverty	233	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Ever poverty	297	− 0.03	− 0.20 to 0.15	0.76	− 0.07	− 0.24 to 0.11	0.45	0.01	− 0.17 to 0.19	0.90	− 0.12	− 0.28 to 0.03	0.13	− 0.15	− 0.31 to 0.004	0.06
No poverty in pregnancy	285	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Poverty in pregnancy, all	245	− 0.02	− 0.19 to 0.16	0.86	− 0.06	− 0.24 to 0.11	0.48	0.04	− 0.14 to 0.22	0.67	− 0.10	− 0.26 to 0.06	0.21	− 0.21	− 0.37 to − 0.05	0.01 *
No poverty in childhood	310	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Poverty in childhood, all	220	− 0.08	− 0.25 to 0.09	0.36	− 0.09	− 0.26 to 0.08	0.29	− 0.05	− 0.23 to 0.12	0.54	− 0.05	− 0.20 to 0.11	0.54	− 0.06	− 0.22 to 0.09	0.41

Models for Dutch adjusted for child age at brain measurement, child sex, maternal education at pregnancy, maternal IQ, maternal and paternal psychiatric symptoms at pregnancy.
Models for non-Western adjusted for Dutch model covariates + detailed maternal ethnicity [Cape Verdean, Moroccan, Dutch Antillean, Surinamese, Turkish, African, middle and south American and Asian (except for Indonesian and Japanese)].
Models for subcortical regions additionally adjusted for total intracranial volume.
All brain measures of outcome are standardized.
Ever poverty is a total of "poverty in pregnancy only", "poverty in childhood only" and "chronic poverty".
* indicates adjusted p values < 0.05.
Adjusted p values are obtained by considering the multiple comparisons (four tests for ever, pragnant any and childhood any poverty) with the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate method.

Search