Figure 3 | Scientific Reports

Figure 3

From: Influence of Allee effect on the spatiotemporal behavior of a diffusive predator–prey model with Crowley–Martin type response function

Figure 3

(Strong Allee effect): this figure represents phase portraits of (8) with three positive equilibria. The deep blue curve is the prey-nullcline and the curve presented in deep red is the predator-nullcline. The attractor equilibria are \(E_0\) and \(E_{3}\), saddle equilibria are \(E_1\), \(E_2\) and \(E_2^*\), unstable focus \(E_1^*\) are highlighted with filled circles, open circles and square open box, respectively. The stable manifolds of the saddle equilibria (\(E_2\) and \(E_2^*\)), called the separatrix curves, are highlighted by solid black curves. \(E_0\) and \(E_{3}\) are separated by those two stable manifolds of saddle interior equilibrium point \(E_2\) and \(E_{2}^{*}\), both of which are drawn with black curves. The parameter values used are given by \(l = 0.1, a = 7.8, b = 4.1, d= 0.7, \beta = 9.8\).

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