Figure 4 | Scientific Reports

Figure 4

From: Influence of Allee effect on the spatiotemporal behavior of a diffusive predator–prey model with Crowley–Martin type response function

Figure 4

(Weak Allee effect): this figure represents phase portraits of (8) with three positive equilibria.The attractor equilibria are \(E_0\) and \(E_{3}\), three saddle (\(E_1\), \(E_2\) and \(E_{2}^{*}\)) and one unstable focus \(E_1^*\) are shown with filled circles, open circles and square open box, respectively. The stable manifolds of the saddle equilibria (\(E_{2}\) and \(E_{2}^{*}\)), called the separatrix curves, are presented by solid black curves. \(E_0\) and \(E_{3}\) are separated by those two stable manifolds of saddle interior equilibrium point \(E_2\) and \(E_{2}^{*}\), both of which are drawn with black curves. The parameter values used are given by \(l = -2, a = 11, b = 3, d= 0.3, \beta = 10.5\).

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