Figure 1

(A) Map of Pacific Panamá; (B) the average annual range in sea-surface temperature values (average for 2000–2014, in °C); (C) the average annual range in chlorophyll-a values (average for 2000–2014, in mg m⁻³). In (A), the study sites within each gulf are shown as insets. Red circles represent the sites in the Gulf of Chiriquí and blue circles represent the sites in the Gulf of Panamá. In the Gulf of Chiriquí: Co = Coiba, Ca = Canales de Tierra, U = Uva. In the Gulf of Panamá: P = Pedro González, S = Saboga, Ct = Contadora. Data for panels (B) and (C) were retrieved from the Bio-ORACLE Marine Database^37,38. These maps were generated in R version 4.2.2 (Ref.³⁹) using the “ggplot2” (https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org, https://github.com/tidyverse/ggplot2; Ref.⁴⁰) and “ggspatial” (https://paleolimbot.github.io/ggspatial/; Ref.⁴¹) packages.