Figure 6

Schematic diagram showing the chemo-preventive potency of AcCF and AcE on bone compartments via multiple pathways against GIOP; (1) bone cells, (2) inorganic matrix, and 3) organic matrix. Through antioxidant effect, AcE and AcCF treatment inhibit osteoblast apoptosis. Osteoclastogenesis has been decreased by RANK downregulation, which causes the RANK/RANKL pathway to malfunction. Calcium, phosphorus, and zinc content in AcE and AcCF promote the renewal of the inorganic matrix by increasing BMD and BMC and aiding in hormone homeostasis (PTH and calcitonin). Calcium and zinc increased GAGs formation by forming chondroitin sulfate calcium complex. Polysaccharide content in AcE and AcCF has increased GAGs content, regenerating the organic bone matrix.