Table 1 Participants’ characteristics.
Pregnant women | Postpartum women | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primigravida | Multigravida | Total | p-value | Primigravida | Multigravida | Total | p-value | Total | p-value* | ||
N = 20361 N (%) | N = 14661 N (%) | N = 3503 N (%) | N = 23662 N (%) | N = 17742 N (%) | N = 4142 N (%) | N = 7645 N (%) | |||||
Women age | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | ||||||||
≤ 24 | 228 (11.8) | 64 (4.6) | 292 (8.8) | 212 (9.4) | 62 (3.6) | 274 (6.9) | 567 (7.8) | ||||
25–35 | 1420 (73.6) | 898 (64.6) | 2318 (69.8) | 1667 (73.7) | 1056 (61.8) | 2723 (68.6) | 5043 (69.2) | ||||
≥ 36 | 281 (14.6) | 428 (30.8) | 709 (21.4) | 382 (16.9) | 591 (34.6) | 973 (24.5) | 1682 (23.1) | ||||
Missing | 107 (5.2) | 76 (5.2) | 183 (5.2) | 105 (4.4) | 35 (2.0) | 170 (4.1) | 353 (4.6) | ||||
Maternal Country of birth | Country born | 1790 (94.1) | 1253 (94.5) | 3043 (94.2) | 604 | 2031 (94.8) | 1485 (93.7) | 3516 (94.3) | .141 | 6561 (94.3) | .855 |
Foreign | 113 (5.9) | 73 (5.5) | 186 (5.8) | 111 (5.2) | 100 (6.3) | 211 (5.7) | 397 (5.7) | ||||
Missing | 133 (6.5) | 140 (9.6) | 273 (7.8) | 224 (9.5) | 159 (9.0) | 413 (10.0) | 687 (9.0) | ||||
Live with partner | Yes | 1855 (93.0) | 1351 (94.5) | 3206 (93.7) | .073 | 2153 (93.1) | 1635 (93.9) | 3788 (93.4) | .291 | 6997 (93.5) | .699 |
No | 139 (7.0) | 78 (5.5) | 217 (6.3) | 160 (6.9) | 106 (6.1) | 266 (6.6) | 483 (6.5) | ||||
Missing | 42 (2.1) | 37 (2.5) | 79 (2.3) | 53 (2.2) | 33 (1.9) | 86 (2.1) | 165 (2.2) | ||||
Exposure to COVID-19 | Yes | 371 (18.2) | 327 (22.3) | 698 (19.9) | .003 | 463 (19.6) | 446 (25.1) | 909 (22.0) | < .001 | 1607 (21.0) | .031 |
No | 1665 (81.8) | 1139 (77.7) | 2804 (80.1) | 1903 (80.4) | 1328 (74.9) | 3231 (78.0) | 6038 (79.0) | ||||
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
History of Mental Problems | Yes | 532 (26.1) | 382 (26.1) | 914 (26.1) | .962 | 627 (26.5) | 478 (26.9) | 1105 (26.7) | .749 | 2019 (26.4) | .563 |
No | 1504 (73.9) | 1084 (73.9) | 2588 (73.9) | 1739 (73.5) | 1296 (73.1) | 3035 (73.3) | 5626 (73.6) | ||||
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
.001 | .019 | .224 | |||||||||
Secondary education or lower | 480 (24.0) | 417 (29.2) | 897 (26.2) | 549 (23.6) | 465 (26.8) | 1014 (25.0) | 1911 (25.5) | ||||
Higher education | 1521 (76.0) | 1009 (70.8) | 2530 (73.8) | 1779 (76.4) | 1270 (73.2) | 3049 (75.0) | 5581 (74.5) | ||||
Missing | 35 (1.7) | 40 (2.7) | 75 (2.1) | 38 (1.6) | 39 (2.2) | 77 (1.9) | 153 (2.0) | ||||
Unemployment | .280 | .520 | < .001 | ||||||||
Yes | 362 (17.8) | 240 (16.4) | 602 (17.2) | 322 (13.6) | 229 (12.9) | 551 (13.3) | 1154 (15.1) | ||||
No | 1674 (82.2) | 1225 (83.6) | 2899 (82.8) | 2044 (86.4) | 1543 (87.1) | 3587 (86.7) | 6488 (84.9) | ||||
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.07) | 1 (0.03) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.001) | 2 (0.0005) | 3 (0.0004) | ||||
< .001 | < .001 | < .001 | |||||||||
Albania | 14 (0.7) | 6 (0.4) | 20 (0.6) | 14 (0.6) | 3 (0.2) | 17 (0.4) | 37 (0.5) | ||||
Brazil | 124 (6.1) | 144 (9.8) | 268 (7.7) | 328 (13.9) | 269 (15.2) | 597 (14.4) | 865 (11.3) | ||||
Bulgaria | 31 (1.5) | 13 (0.9) | 44 (1.3) | 26 (1.1) | 14 (0.8) | 40 (1.0) | 84 (1.1) | ||||
Chile | 102 (5.0) | 70 (4.8) | 172 (4.9) | 140 (5.9) | 132 (7.4) | 272 (6.6) | 444 (5.8) | ||||
Cyprus | 138 (6.8) | 82 (5.6) | 220 (6.3) | 152 (6.4) | 97 (5.5) | 249 (6.0) | 469 (6.1) | ||||
Greece | 236 (11.6) | 101 (6.9) | 337 (9.6) | 260 (11.0) | 116 (6.5) | 376 (9.1) | 713 (9.3) | ||||
Israel | 74 (3.6) | 142 (9.7) | 216 (6.2) | 110 (4.6) | 222 (12.5) | 332 (8.0) | 549 (7.2) | ||||
Malta | 73 (3.6) | 41 (2.8) | 114 (3.3) | 96 (4.1) | 53 (3.0) | 149 (3.6) | 263 (3.4) | ||||
Portugal | 441 (21.7) | 312 (21.3) | 753 (21.5) | 385 (16.3) | 284 (16.0) | 669 (16.2) | 1422 (18.6) | ||||
Spain | 182 (8.9) | 171 (11.7) | 353 (10.1) | 258 (10.9) | 217 (12.2) | 475 (11.5) | 828 (10.8) | ||||
Turkey | 524 (25.7) | 282 (19.2) | 806 (23.0) | 407 (17.2) | 213 (12.0) | 620 (15.0) | 1426 ( (18.7) | ||||
UK | 97 (4.8) | 102 (7.0) | 199 (5.7) | 190 (8.0) | 154 (8.7) | 344 (8.3) | 545 (7.1) | ||||
