Figure 9

(a) Fraction of the refined zone in the longitudinal YZ plane in EA solidification. (b) Solidification time at the mid- and top height of the mold in EA solidification for the cylinder-, cube-, and cuboid-shaped cavities. Measured cooling curve at the mid-height of the cuboid-shaped cavity in (c) non-EA solidification and (d) EA solidification. (e) Numerically calculated 2D temperature distribution map of XZ plane in cuboid-shaped cavity.