Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study participants.

From: The trajectory of osteoblast progenitor cells in patients with type 2 diabetes and the predictive model for their osteogenic differentiation ability

Parameter

Normoglycemia (n = 18)

Prediabetes (n = 27)

p-value&

T2DM (n = 73)

p-value&&

Age (years)

58.6 ± 9.0

61.6 ± 7.5

0.239

60.0 ± 7.5

0.441

Gender (% female)

11 (61.1)

20 (74.1)

0.357

45 (59.2)

0.385

BMI (kg/m2)

24.3 ± 2.6

24.6 ± 3.8

0.812

25.9 ± 4.1

0.160

SBP (mmHg)

126.8 ± 14.1

132.9 ± 12.4

0.131

131.2 ± 14.7

0.350

DBP (mmHg)

80.9 ± 9.4

76.4 ± 10.1

0.140

75.4 ± 9.6

0.102

IFG duration (years)

–

3.2 (2.2–4.3)

–

–

–

DM duration (years)

–

–

–

5.7 (4.7–6.9)

–

Microvascular complications (%)

–

–

–

40 (52.6)

–

Macrovascular complication (%)

–

–

–

10 (13.2)

–

FPG (mg/dL)

89.9 (86.7–93.2)

102.1 (97.9–106.4)

< 0.001

135.5 (126.9–144.6)

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

–

5.9 ± 0.5

–

7.4 ± 1.4

< 0.001

eGFR (ml/min)

81.7 ± 18.1

87.8 ± 14.8

0.230

80.2 ± 17.7

0.151

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

80.7 (67.0–101.4)

90.4 (77.6–108.1)

0.368

108.9 (99.6–120.1)

0.006

LDL-C* (mg/dL)

113.9 (98.7–131.5)

97.4 (87.1–108.9)

0.078

87.6 (80.5–95.3)

0.012

HDL-C# (mg/dL)

67.1 ± 27.0

60.0 ± 14.8

0.334

52.6 ± 13.6

0.002

Anti-hyperglycemic agents [n (%use)]

 Metformin

0

1 (3.7)

1.000

69 (94.5)

< 0.001

 Sulfonylureas

0

0

–

18 (24.7)

0.001

 Insulin

0

0

–

7 (9.6)

0.171

 Others

0

0

–

7 (9.6)

0.171

Drugs [n (% use)]

 ACEI or ARB**

5 (27.8)

12 (46.2)

0.218

53 (72.6)

0.001

 DHP-CCB##

11 (61.1)

9 (34.6)

0.083

41 (56.2)

0.119

 Thiazide-like diuretics

3 (16.7)

6 (23.1)

0.604

20 (27.4)

0.624

 Statins

10 (55.6)

15 (55.6)

1.000

63 (86.3)

0.001

 Fibrate

2 (11.1)

3 (11.1)

1.000

4 (5.5)

0.414

 Calcium and vitamin D

3 (16.7)

4 (14.8)

0.874

5 (6.8)

0.180

FRAX: 10-year risk of hip fractures (FRAX-H) (%)

0.4 (0.2–0.7)

0.7 (0.4–1.2)

0.140

0.4 (0.3–0.5)

0.143

FRAX:10-year risk of osteoporotic fractures (FRAX-O) (%)

2.3 (1.9–3.0)

3.0 (2.4–4.0)

0.141

2.4 (2.1–2.6)

0.128

Pentosidine (ng/mL)

3.6 (2.8–4.6)

2.5 (2.0–3.1)

0.029

3.4 (2.9–4.1)

0.095

Soluble RAGE (sRAGE) (pg/mL)

531.7 (414.7–681.6)

459.9 (369.8–572.0)

0.375

460.3 (415.4–510.1)

0.498

sRAGE-Pentosidine ratio (pg/ng)

146.2 (102.3–208.9)

182.2 (132.8–250.0)

0.352

134.3 (110.5–163.2)

0.252

Interleukin-1β (pg/mL)

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

0.5 (0.3–0.7)

0.844

0.4 (0.3–0.5)

0.156

Tumor necrosis factor-α (pg/mL)

0.7 (− 0.4 to 2.2)

2.2 (1.3–3.3)

0.058

2.1 (1.6–2.6)

0.036

  1. &Comparison between groups with normoglycemia and prediabetes.
  2. && Comparison among groups with normoglycemia, prediabetes and T2DM.
  3. *LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; #HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
  4. **ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; **ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; ##DHP-CCB: dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers.
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