Table 3 Between-group differences over time for kinematic indexes during Nine Hole Peg Test performed with the left hand (3 × 3 General Linear Model with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis). Data are shown as mean and standard deviation.

From: Early sleep after action observation and motor imagery training boosts improvements in manual dexterity

 

AOMI-sleep

AOMI-control

Control

p-value Time Factor

p-value Group Factor

p-value Time x Group

T0

T1

T2

T0

T1

T2

T0

T1

T2

Nine Hole Peg Test – Left hand

Total time [s]

22.7 ± 2.4

20.4 ± 2.5*

20.0 ± 2.3*

22.9 ± 4.0

21.1 ± 2.7*

20.6 ± 2.8*

22.4 ± 3.4

21.9 ± 3.0

20.4 ± 2.6 *α

 < 0.001

0.822

0.254

Removing time [s]

7.9 ± 1.6

6.8 ± 0.9*

6.7 ± 1.1*

7.9 ± 2.0

7.0 ± 1.8*

6.6 ± 1.2*

7.9 ± 1.7

7.2 ± 1.5

6.9 ± 1.6*

 < 0.001

0.955

0.872

Peg-grasp time [s]

4.3 ± 1.0

4.0 ± 1.1

3.9 ± 0.8

4.2 ± 0.8

4.3 ± 0.8

4.4 ± 0.9

4.2 ± 1.1

5.0 ± 1.7

4.2 ± 0.8

0.331

0.402

0.101

Peg-transfer time [s]

3.4 ± 0.3

3.2 ± 0.5

3.2 ± 0.5

3.6 ± 0.7

3.3 ± 0.5

3.3 ± 0.5

3.5 ± 0.9

3.1 ± 0.4

3.3 ± 0.5

0.004

0.671

0.893

Peg-in-hole time [s]

4.1 ± 0.5

3.6 ± 1.2

3.4 ± 0.9*

4.4 ± 1.3

3.8 ± 0.8

3.7 ± 0.9

3.9 ± 0.9

3.9 ± 1.0

3.2 ± 0.4 α

 < 0.001

0.450

0.496

Hand-return time [s]

2.6 ± 0.5

2.4 ± 0.2

2.4 ± 0.3

2.4 ± 0.3

2.3 ± 0.3

2.3 ± 0.2

2.5 ± 0.5

2.3 ± 0.3

2.5 ± 0.4

0.027

0.237

0.375

N-Jerk transfer [m/s3]

180.2 ± 40.4

170.2 ± 43.0

169.4 ± 37.5

204.7 ± 73.0

169.9 ± 51.1

180.6 ± 47.7

195.5 ± 93.9

154.1 ± 39.8

174.6 ± 42.0

0.018

0.667

0.746

N-Jerk return [m/s3]

150.5 ± 60.0

130.9 ± 21.9

128.9 ± 23.1

121.7 ± 22.3

118.1 ± 26.4

111.5 ± 19.5

134.3 ± 48.2

120.3 ± 27.8

132.9 ± 31.9

0.079

0.120

0.438

Velocity transfer [m/s]

0.27 ± 0.02

0.29 ± 0.03

0.30 ± 0.02*

0.27 ± 0.04

0.28 ± 0.04

0.29 ± 0.04

0.30 ± 0.04

0.31 ± 0.05

0.30 ± 0.04

0.004

0.111

0.307

Velocity return [m/s]

0.35 ± 0.04 †

0.37 ± 0.03 †

0.37 ± 0.04

0.37 ± 0.03

0.37 ± 0.02 †

0.40 ± 0.04

0.39 ± 0.04

0.40 ± 0.05

0.38 ± 0.04

0.022

0.023

0.058

Velocity-peak transfer [m/s]

0.54 ± 0.04

0.59 ± 0.06

0.61 ± 0.05*

0.54 ± 0.11

0.57 ± 0.08

0.58 ± 0.09

0.60 ± 0.11

0.61 ± 0.11

0.59 ± 0.08

0.019

0.410

0.344

Velocity-peak return [m/s]

0.75 ± 0.09

0.82 ± 0.10

0.84 ± 0.11

0.82 ± 0.09

0.85 ± 0.07

0.90 ± 0.05

0.85 ± 0.15

0.91 ± 0.15

0.87 ± 0.07

0.003

0.070

0.191

  1. *p < 0.05 compared to T0 for the same group, α p < 0.05 compared to T1 for the same group, †p < 0.05 compared to Control at the same time-point. AOMI: Action Observation plus Motor Imagery, n: number.
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