Table 3 Risk ratio, adjusted risk ratio, and 95% confidence interval (CI) for development of airflow obstruction in 5 years.

From: Preserved ratio impaired spirometry with or without restrictive spirometric abnormality

Baseline spirometry category

Risk ratio

95% CI

p value

Adjusted risk ratio*

95% CI

p value

No PRISm/airflow obstruction

1

  

1

  

Non-restrictive PRISm

5.31

2.16–13.05

< 0.001

4.47

1.66–12.01

0.003

Restrictive PRISm

0.99

0.24–4.18

0.999

0.94

0.22–3.98

0.930

  1. BMI body mass index; PRISm preserved ratio impaired spirometry.
  2. *Risk ratio was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and pack-year.