Table 3 Permeate flux prediction at various stages using the proposed MWOA-ANN model.
From: Modified Whale Optimization Algorithm based ANN: a novel predictive model for RO desalination plant
Number of search agents (SA) | Results {Pflux (L/h m2)} | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Training | Validation | Testing | All | |||||
R2 (%) | MSE | R2 (%) | MSE | R2 (%) | MSE | R2 (%) | MSE | |
1 | 98.1 | 0.012 | 98.2 | 0.019 | 98.8 | 0.014 | 98.1 | 0.014 |
2 | 98.4 | 0.011 | 98.0 | 0.022 | 99.7 | 0.007 | 98.3 | 0.013 |
3 | 98.9 | 0.006 | 98.5 | 0.016 | 99.5 | 0.012 | 98.7 | 0.008 |
4 | 99.1 | 0.005 | 98.1 | 0.020 | 98.8 | 0.012 | 98.7 | 0.008 |
5 | 98.5 | 0.008 | 98.6 | 0.014 | 97.7 | 0.027 | 98.4 | 0.010 |
6* | 99.4 | 0.003 | 98.2 | 0.018 | 97.7 | 0.013 | 98.9 | 0.006 |
7 | 98.3 | 0.010 | 99.1 | 0.009 | 98.5 | 0.007 | 98.6 | 0.010 |
8* | 99.2 | 0.004 | 98.1 | 0.019 | 99.0 | 0.013 | 98.8 | 0.008 |
9 | 99.2 | 0.005 | 97.6 | 0.026 | 99.4 | 0.007 | 98.7 | 0.009 |
10* | 99.7 | 0.001 | 97.9 | 0.022 | 96.1 | 0.048 | 98.8 | 0.008 |
11 | 99.2 | 0.005 | 97.9 | 0.024 | 99.3 | 0.011 | 98.7 | 0.010 |
12 | 98.7 | 0.007 | 98.2 | 0.019 | 98.9 | 0.010 | 98.5 | 0.010 |
13* | 99.5 | 0.002 | 98.2 | 0.017 | 99.7 | 0.009 | 99.1 | 0.005 |
14 | 98.4 | 0.010 | 98.2 | 0.019 | 98.9 | 0.025 | 98.3 | 0.012 |
15* | 98.7 | 0.007 | 98.9 | 0.010 | 99.6 | 0.005 | 98.8 | 0.007 |
16* | 99.2 | 0.004 | 98.1 | 0.021 | 99.8 | 0.004 | 98.9 | 0.007 |
17 | 99.4 | 0.003 | 97.4 | 0.030 | 96.3 | 0.020 | 98.6 | 0.009 |
18 | 97.8 | 0.013 | 98.3 | 0.022 | 98.4 | 0.012 | 97.9 | 0.015 |
19 | 98.7 | 0.007 | 97.5 | 0.024 | 97.5 | 0.025 | 98.2 | 0.011 |
20 | 98.7 | 0.011 | 98.3 | 0.026 | 99.2 | 0.012 | 98.5 | 0.014 |
