Table 2 Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of Ambrosia psilostachya based on 999 permutations for the whole dataset and for the defined European regions, separately. Values without parentheses indicate estimates with the original data set, values in parentheses estimates based on the clone corrected data.

From: Genetic structuring and invasion status of the perennial Ambrosia psilostachya (Asteraceae) in Europe

Source of variation

Degrees of freedom

Variance estimated

% of variance

All regions

 Among regions

5 (5)

0.6 (0.6)

10.4 (9.9)

 Among populations

54 (54)

2.4 (2.0)

40.4 (34.0)

 Among individuals

895 (732)

2.9 (3.4)

49.2 (56.1)

Within Barcelona

 Among populations

5 (5)

3.0 (2.7)

72.4 (65.1)

 Among individuals

86 (64)

1.1 (1.4)

27.6 (34.9)

Within Bari

 Among populations

6 (6)

3.3 (2.7)

58.9 (49.5)

 Among individuals

109 (85)

2.3 (2.8)

41.1 (50.5)

Within Genoa

 Among populations

6 (6)

1.5 (1.3)

32.8 (26.4)

 Among individuals

107 (82)

3.2 (3.6)

67.2 (73.6)

Within Montpellier

 Among populations

2 (2)

1.6 (1.6)

26.8 (26.0)

 Among individuals

29 (28)

4.4 (4.5)

73.2 (74.0)

Within Northern Europe

 Among populations

7 (7)

5.1 (5.0)

87.9 (84.6)

 Among individuals

114 (74)

0.7 (0.9)

12.1 (15.4)

Within Venice

 Among populations

28 (28)

1.7 (1.5)

30.9 (27.0)

 Among individuals

450 (407)

3.8 (4.1)

69.1 (73.0)