Figure 1

Subsequent process of the fabrication of the phage-based biosensing approach for the rapid impedimetric detection of E. coli. Firstly, the electrode surface modification with nanomaterials was carried out before forming a self-assembled monolayer of 4-ATP as the main cross-linker. Then, surface activation by glutaraldehyde solution (2%) was conducted before the immobilization of the targeting bacteriophage. Eventually, applications on food sample analysis were performed using the PalmSens-4 portable potentiostat.