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Figure 1

From: The role of dung beetle species in nitrous oxide emission, ammonia volatilization, and nutrient cycling

Figure 1

Nitrous oxide flux and ammonia volatilization from soil, soil + dung, and soil + dung + dung beetles over a 24-d period. (A) Nitrous oxide flux average of all dung beetle treatments vs. their control, (B) nitrous oxide flux over time from livestock dung under contrasting dung beetle species, (C) ammonia flux over time. T1: just soil, T2: soil + dung, T3: soil + dung + O. taurus (OT), T4: soil + dung + D. gazella (DG), T5: soil + dung + P. vindex (PV), T6: soil + dung + OT + DG, T7: soil + dung + OT + DG + PV. Asterisk: indicates significant difference at the 0.05 probability level among treatments in the same month, according to orthogonal contrast test.

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