Table 2 Metabolites associated with hair dye use in the ATBC Study at FDR adjusted p-value < 0.1^a.

Chemical class and metabolite	Chemical sub-class and biochemical pathway	Effect size (β)^b,c	p-value	FDR adjusted p-value
Amino acids
L-Cysteinylglycine disulfide	Glutathione metabolism	− 0.263	< 0.0001	0.0311
Cysteineglutathione disulfide	Glutathione metabolism	− 0.685	< 0.0001	0.0312
Cys-Gly, oxidized	Glutathione metabolism	− 0.325	< 0.0001	0.0312
N-Acetyl-L-methionine	Methionine, cysteine, SAM and taurine metabolism	− 0.244	0.0001	0.036
Lipids
5alpha-Androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol disulfate	Androgenic steroids	− 0.492	0.0008	0.077
O-Phosphoethanolamine	Phospholipid metabolism	− 0.316	0.0008	0.077
Nucleotides
3-Methylcytidine	Pyrimidine metabolism, cytidine containing	− 0.173	0.0004	0.058
Peptides
Fibrinopeptide B (1–11)	Fibrinogen cleavage peptide	− 0.308	0.0005	0.061
Xenobiotics
2,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone 5-sulfate	Benzoate metabolism	0.863	0.0004	0.058
Umbelliferone sulfate	Food component/plant	0.958	< 0.0001	0.0312
Nornicotine	Tobacco metabolites	− 0.382	0.0002	0.036

^aATBC Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention; FDR false discovery rate.
^bThe effect sizes and p values were estimated using linear regression.
^cAdjusted for age, body mass index, and number of cigarettes smoked daily.

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