Table 4 Brief Multilevel linear random-effects models to identify factors associated with neurological, digestive, respiratory, heart, and other symptoms.

Socio-economic

 Gender (Female vs Male -ref)

−0.35

 < 0.001

0.06

 < 0.001

−0.19

 < 0.001

 Age (unit: age)

−0.002

0.005

 Provinces (Southeast region -ref)

 Red River Delta

−0.28

0.023

−0.16

0.019

 North Central Region

−0.15

0.029

 South Central Coast

0.06

0.005

−0.11

0.023

 Mekong Delta Region

0.07

0.001

 Smoking (Yes vs No -ref)

0.06

0.002

 Alcohol (Yes vs No -ref)

0.13

 < 0.001

BMI Index (vs Underweight -ref)

 Normal

0.06

0.007

 Overweight/Obese

−0.13

 < 0.001

0.08

0.018

0.03

0.041

 Comorbidities (Yes vs No -ref)

0.24

 < 0.001

 COVID-19 infection characteristics

COVID-19 infection period (vs Less than 7 days -ref)

 7–14 days

0.12

 < 0.001

−0.01

0.048

0.06

0.002

0.03

0.011

 More than 14 days

0.20

0.011

0.06

0.03

0.15

0.003

0.09

0.001

Time since COVID-19 onset (vs 1 month -ref)

 1–4 months

0.12

0.001

−0.04

0.001

−0.06

0.007

 4–6 months

0.13

0.023

−0.04

0.033

Severity of COVID-19 at the onset (vs asymptomatic -ref)

 Mild

0.26

 < 0.001

0.17

 < 0.001

 Moderate

0.56

 < 0.001

0.07

0.004

0.40

 < 0.001

0.10

 < 0.001

 Severe

0.39

0.001

Prevalence of case in region (vs Low -ref)

 Medium

0.03

0.038

Post-COVID-19 symptoms

 Neurological symptoms

–

–

0.07

 < 0.001

0.25

 < 0.001

0.12

 < 0.001

 Digestive symptoms

0.40

 < 0.001

–

–

0.38

 < 0.001

0.20

 < 0.001

 Respiratory and heart symptoms

0.43

 < 0.001

0.12

 < 0.001

–

–

0.07

 < 0.001

 Other symptoms

0.55

 < 0.001

0.16

 < 0.001

0.18

 < 0.001

–

–