Table 5 Factors associated with severity of COVID-19 at the onset and post-COVID-19 symptoms.

From: Severity and geographical disparities of post-COVID-19 symptoms among the Vietnamese general population: a national evaluation

Factors

Severity of COVID-19 at the onset (From 1″Asymptomatic” to 4″Severe”

Post COVID-19 symptom (From 0 “Asymptomatic” to 4 “4 or more than 4 symptoms”)

Number of Post COVID-19 symptoms

OR

95%CI

p-value

OR

95%CI

p-value

Coef

95%CI

p-value

Socio-economic

Gender (Female vs Male -ref)

0.53

0.47; 0.61

 < 0.001

0.41

0.39; 0.44

 < 0.001

−1.14

−1.25; −1.03

 < 0.001

Age (unit: age)

0.99

0.98; 1.00

0.025

0.99

0.98; 1.00

0.169

−0.03

−0.04; −0.01

 < 0.001

Provinces (Southeast region -ref)

 Northern Midlands and Mountains

1.21

0.68; 2.16

0.519

0.73

0.51; 1.05

0.092

−0.20

−0.63; 0.23

0.370

 Red River Delta

0.55

0.30; 0.98

0.043

0.34

0.16; 0.72

0.005

−1.15

−1.64; −0.65

 < 0.001

 North Central Region

1.46

0.89; 2.40

0.134

0.81

0.60; 1.08

0.155

−0.10

−0.46; 0.27

0.613

 South Central Coast

1.08

0.70; 1.66

0.744

0.84

0.68; 1.04

0.103

0.04

−0.24; 0.33

0.763

 Central Highlands

1.28

0.80; 2.05

0.308

0.78

0.47; 1.31

0.355

0.02

−0.35; 0.39

0.903

 Mekong Delta Region

1.41

0.97; 2.04

0.069

0.84

0.70; 1.02

0.074

−0.03

−0.27; 0.21

0.814

 Smoking (Yes vs No -ref)

0.73

0.57; 0.92

0.007

1.20

1.02; 1.42

0.029

0.23

0.00; 0.45

0.046

 Alcohol (Yes vs No -ref)

1.21

1.05; 1.39

0.007

1.43

1.32; 1.55

 < 0.001

0.44

0.34; 0.54

 < 0.001

 Exercising after recovering from COVID-19 (Yes vs No -ref)

0.91

0.79; 1.06

0.217

0.83

0.73; 0.95

0.008

−0.15

−0.34; 0.04

0.115

BMI Index (vs Underweight -ref)

 Normal

1.06

0.95; 1.18

0.320

1.01

0.93; 1.09

0.879

0.03

−0.09; 0.15

0.671

 Overweight/Obese

0.82

0.66; 1.03

0.088

1.05

0.89; 1.24

0.572

0.03

−0.13; 0.18

0.716

 Comorbidities (Yes vs No -ref)

1.95

1.32; 2.89

0.001

1.92

1.54; 2.40

 < 0.001

1.04

0.68; 1.40

 < 0.001

 Infected with COVID-19 characteristic

COVID-19 infection period (vs Less than 7 days -ref)

 7–14 days

3.15

2.87; 3.45

 < 0.001

1.42

1.31; 1.53

 < 0.001

0.50

0.40; 0.60

 < 0.001

 More than 14 days

14.04

10.27; 19.19

 < 0.001

2.04

1.45 2.87

 < 0.001

1.37

0.91; 1.83

 < 0.001

Time since COVID-19 onset (vs 1 month -ref)

 1–4 months

0.90

0.82; 0.98

0.019

0.99

0.91; 1.08

0.837

−0.04

−0.2;1 0.12

0.619

 4–6 months

0.58

0.50; 0.68

 < 0.001

1.10

0.89; 1.37

0.359

0.15

−0.10; 0.39

0.240

 Above 6 months

0.28

0.22; 0.38

 < 0.001

0.84

0.73; 0.96

0.013

−0.19

−0.42; 0.04

0.105

Severity of COVID-19 at the onset (vs asymptomatic -ref)

 Mild

–

–

–

2.51

2.18; 2.89

 < 0.001

1.01

0.76; 1.26

 < 0.001

 Moderate

–

–

–

7.30

5.91; 9.02

 < 0.001

2.91

2.62; 3.19

 < 0.001

 Severe

–

–

–

3.89

2.36; 6.43

 < 0.001

2.39

1.54; 3.24

 < 0.001

Prevalence of case in region (vs Low -ref)

 Medium

1.23

0.95; 1.60

0.113

0.94

0.77; 1.15

0.544

0.10

−0.05; 0.25

0.187

 High

2.29

1.43; 3.66

0.001

1.48

0.87; 2.51

0.144

0.60

0.19; 1.02

0.004

COVID-19 case fatality rate in region (vs Low -ref)

 Medium

0.89

0.58; 1.37

0.596

0.79

0.49; 1.25

0.311

−0.28

−0.64 0.09

0.135

 High

0.81

0.48; 1.36

0.420

0.68

0.41; 1.13

0.137

−0.48

−0.91; −0.05

0.028

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