Figure 3
Self-estimated navigation skills vs. wayfinding performance across countries and cultural clusters. (A) Global map of cultural clusters as defined by Ronen and Shenkar56. Map generated with a custom code in the R programming language version 4.2.1 https://cran.r-project.org/. Conditional modes (controlled for age and gender) of self-estimated navigation skills for cultural clusters (B) and countries (E) with indicated standard errors. Conditional modes (controlled for age and gender) of measured wayfinding performance for cultural clusters (C) and countries (F) with indicated standard error bars. Self-estimated ability vs. wayfinding performance gap by cultural cluster (D) and country (G) estimated by calculating the difference between min–max normalised conditional modes of navigation skills and wayfinding performance (range [− 1,1] where − 1 denotes maximum possible underestimation, whereas 1 indicates maximum overestimation). (H) National self-estimated navigation ability and the wayfinding performance are not significantly correlated (Spearman's rho = − 0.2, p = 0.181). See Supplementary Information, Appendix A, Fig. S1 for results split by gender.
