Table 4 Comparison of individual and co-substituted ions in SHA.
Individual | Co-substitution | |
|---|---|---|
FTIR | Characteristic HA groups (Phosphate, carbonate groups) present No broadening of OH bending or phosphate peaks Reduced crystallinity and high purity B-type carbonated HA Reduced intensity of peaks confirming ion incorporation | |
XRD | No secondary phases No shifts Reduced crystallinity due to ion occupancy | |
Sr increased unit cell volume with Sr10% SHA of highest cell volume Zn and Mg SHA decreased cell volume 6% Zn SHA lattice decreased 2% Mg SHA lattice decreased | Decrease in a and increase in c lattice parameters Increased cell volume | |
SEM | Large agglomerated nanocrystals No difference in morphology for various concentrations and ions Uniform agglomeration EDS confirmed increase in ion % Na+, K+ and Cl− ions present due to bacterial deposition | |
TEM | Needle like nanoscale morphologies (Nanoneedles) | |
Sr SHA 20–50 nm length 8–15 nm width > SHA Zn SHA and Mg SHA 10–40 nm length and 8–10 nm width ≈ SHA | 40–70 nm breadth and 4–10 nm > SHA | |
