Table 2 Worst pain, mean ratings on a zero to 10 graphic rating scale (SD in parentheses), where 10 = excruciating pain.

From: Adding tactile feedback increases avatar ownership and makes virtual reality more effective at reducing pain in a randomized crossover study

Worst pain

No VR (baseline)

VR no real water

VR yes real water

Wilcoxon signed rank tests

Effect size

“No VR versus VR + No real water”

Mean = 4.71 (SD = 1.25)

Mean = 3.56 (SD = 1.63)

 

Z = 4.43, p < 0.001

r = 0.6 large effect size

“No VR versus VR + Yes real water”

Mean = 4.71 (SD = 1.25)

 

Mean = 3.08 (SD = 1.65)

Z = 4.86, p < 0.001

r = 0.7, large effect size

“VR + No real water” versus “VR + Yes real water”

 

Mean = 3.56 (SD = 1.63)

Mean = 3.08 (SD = 1.65)

Z = 2.66, p < 0.01

r = 0.4, medium effect size

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