Table 3 Posterior modes and lower and upper 95% highest posterior density intervals (HPD) for fixed effects, variance components, and heritability estimates from three univariate animal models of the variation in early-life telomere length (TL, first measurement, log₁₀-transformed, n = 223), later-life TL (last measurement, log₁₀-transformed, n = 226), and the change between first and last TL measurements (∆TL, n = 226), respectively, in two populations of house sparrows.

Variable	log₁₀(first TL)			log₁₀(last TL)			∆TL
Fixed effects	Estimate	HPD		Estimate	HPD			HPD
Fixed effects	Estimate	Lower	Upper	Estimate	Lower	Upper	Estimate	Lower	Upper
Intercept	−0.0008	−0.2518	0.2618	−0.1145	−0.3072	0.0581	−0.1258	−0.3882	0.1261
Sex (female)	−0.0202	−0.0787	0.0370	0.0202	−0.0357	0.0873	0.0938	0.0003	0.2013
Island identity (Hestmannøy)	0.0032	−0.1108	0.1255	0.0373	−0.0836	0.1580	0.0674	−0.1586	0.2359
Age (days)	0.0037	−0.0197	0.0141	1.7E−5	−4.3E−5	0.0001	–	–	–
∆time (days)	–	–	–	–	–	–	8.5E−6	−0.0001	0.0002
Variance components
h²	0.1358	0.0804	0.2090	0.1542	0.0917	0.2268	0.2121	0.1194	0.3153
V_A	0.0182	0.0131	0.0235	0.0205	0.0150	0.0272	0.0531	0.0343	0.0838
V_B	0.0189	0.0135	0.0245	0.0195	0.0140	0.0268	0.0427	0.0303	0.0666
V_Y	0.0788	0.0332	0.1398	0.0658	0.0358	0.1418	0.0926	0.0437	0.1997
V_R	0.0165	0.0120	0.0210	0.0180	0.0137	0.0242	0.0596	0.0379	0.0824

h² heritability, V_A additive genetic variance, V_B brood variance, V_Y year variance, V_R residual variance.

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