Table 3 Forecast error of different models.
From: Prediction of air pollutant concentrations based on TCN-BiLSTM-DMAttention with STL decomposition
Air pollutant | LSTM | GRU | CNN-GRU-Attention | TCN-BiLSTM-DMAttention | STL-TCN-BiLSTM-Attention | STL-TCN-BiLSTM-DMAttention | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMSE | MAPE (%) | RMSE | MAPE (%) | RMSE | MAPE (%) | RMSE | MAPE (%) | RMSE | MAPE (%) | RMSE | MAPE (%) | |
\({\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}\) | 2.813 | 14.701 | 2.743 | 13.646 | 2.760 | 10.954 | 2.581 | 11.313 | 2.106 | 16.489 | 1.973 | 6.800 |
\({\mathrm{PM}}_{10}\) | 9.772 | 19.685 | 10.541 | 21.701 | 8.367 | 16.125 | 7.611 | 15.287 | 4.432 | 12.593 | 6.054 | 10.492 |
\({\mathrm{SO}}_{2}\) | 0.659 | 18.841 | 0.604 | 15.472 | 0.930 | 24.230 | 0.715 | 15.559 | 0.533 | 12.208 | 0.436 | 9.900 |
\({\mathrm{NO}}_{2}\) | 2.698 | 10.830 | 2.620 | 8.938 | 2.605 | 8.950 | 2.843 | 11.805 | 1.901 | 8.299 | 1.545 | 6.299 |
CO | 0.113 | 7.742 | 0.110 | 6.575 | 0.094 | 6.044 | 0.108 | 7.250 | 0.183 | 5.718 | 0.076 | 4.178 |
\({\mathrm{O}}_{3}\) | 5.106 | 16.581 | 4.820 | 12.868 | 5.592 | 13.049 | 4.926 | 12.680 | 3.729 | 9.538 | 2.922 | 7.304 |
Average | – | 14.730 | – | 13.200 | – | 13.225 | – | 12.316 | – | 10.808 | – | 7.496 |
