Table 5 Relative (%) difference between the theoretical female and male astronaut populations (see⁹) at the lower (1.50-m) and upper (1.90-m) ends of the stature comparison range, and at the 50th percentile for stature for United States females (1.615-m) and males (1.757-m).

Stature (m)	Relative (%) difference of females from males
Stature (m)	1.50-m	1.90-m	50th Percentile*
Characteristics
Body mass (kg)	− 14	− 14	− 28
VO_2max (L·min⁻¹)	− 20	− 20	− 32
RMR (MJ·day⁻¹)	− 12	− 21	− 27
Basal M_prod (J·s⁻¹)	− 13	− 13	− 26
Basal fluid needs (L·d⁻¹)	− 5	− 6	− 11
1 × bout of aerobic CM exercise
EE (MJ)	− 21	− 21	− 33
O₂ (L)	− 20	− 20	− 33
CO₂ (L)	− 23	− 23	− 35
H_prod (MJ)	− 21	− 21	− 33
Water requirements (L)	− 29	− 28	− 41
24-h values without CM exercise
EE (MJ)	− 10	− 19	− 25
O₂ (L)	− 14	− 14	− 28
CO₂ (L)	− 14	− 14	− 28
H_prod (MJ)	− 12	− 12	− 26
Water requirements (L)	− 5	− 6	− 11
24-h values with CM exercise
EE (MJ)	− 13	− 20	− 26
O₂ (L)	− 16	− 16	− 29
CO₂ (L)	− 17	− 17	− 29
H_prod (MJ)	− 15	− 15	− 28
Water requirements (L)	− 9	− 11	− 18

VO_2max maximal rate of oxygen uptake, RMR resting metabolic rate, M_prod metabolic heat production, EE energy expenditure, O₂ total oxygen consumed, CO₂ total carbon dioxide produced, H_prod total metabolic heat produced. *For United States (US) females (1.615-m) and males (1.757-m) based on the US Centre for Disease Control (CDC) 2015–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)²⁸.

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