Table 2 Linear regression analysis of laboratories as well as echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters with moderate and high coffee consumption.

	Coffee consumption
	Moderate (3–4 cups/day)		High (> 4 cups/day)
	beta (95% CI)	p-value	beta (95% CI)	p-value
Laboratory
Total cholesterol, mg/dl	1.09 (− 1.14, 3.33)	0.337	4.78 (1.56, 8.0)	0.004
LDL, mg/dl	1.63 (− 0.42, 3.68)	0.119	5.92 (2.95, 8.89)	< 0.001
HDL, mg/dl	0.57 (− 0.32, 1.46)	0.207	− 0.83 (− 2.11, 0.45)	0.206
NT-proBNP, ng/l	− 0.06 (− 0.11, − 0.02)	0.005	− 0.09 (− 0.15, − 0.02)	0.013
Vital signs
Heart rate, bpm	− 0.62 (− 1.24, 0.01)	0.052	− 0.02 (− 0.92, 0.89)	0.969
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	− 1.91 (− 3.04, − 0.78	0.001	− 3.06 (− 4.69, − 1.44)	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	− 1.05 {− 1.67, − 0.43}	0.001	− 1.85 {− 2.74, − 0.96}	< 0.001
Electrocardiography
PQ interval, ms	0.42 (− 1.12, 1.96)	0.592	− 0.68 (− 2.89, 1.53)	0.548
QRS interval, ms	0.80 (0.01, 1.59)	0.048	− 0.43 (− 1.58, 0.71)	0.458
QTc interval, ms	− 3.18 (− 6.41, 0.05)	0.053	− 3.81 (− 8.49, 0.88)	0.111
Echocardiography
LVEF, %	0.20 (− 0.12, 0.53)	0.238	0.12 (− 0.37, 0.60)	0.634
LV mass index, g/m²	− 0.06 (− 1.30, 1.17)	0.919	0.13 (− 1.65, 1.90)	0.887
E/e' mean ratio	− 0.10 (− 0.23, 0.03)	0.138	− 0.09 (− 0.27, 0.10)	0.347
TR Vmax, m/s	− 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.02)	0.623	− 0.01 (− 0.06, 0.03)	0.527
TAPSE, mm	0.16 (− 0.15, 0.47	0.322	0.27 (− 0.18, 0.71)	0.239
LASV, ml	− 0.06 (− 1.30, 1.17)	0.919	0.13 (− 1.65, 1.90)	0.887

Mild coffee consumption (< 3 cups/day) served as a reference. Adjustment was performed for age, sex, BMI, diabetes, arterial hypertension, smoking, and additives. For systolic and diastolic blood pressure no adjustment for arterial hypertension was performed, instead values for treated individuals were imputed by adding 15 mmHg and 10 mmHg respectively to the measured blood pressure. For cholesterol, LDL, and HDL additional adjustment for lipid-lowering drugs was performed. NT-proBNP was transformed with the natural logarithm. Abbreviations as in Table 1: LASV left atrial systolic volume, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, TR Vmax peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity; TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, LASV left atrial systolic volume.

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