Figure 3
Comparative analyses of gene and protein evolution in vespine wasps. (a) Number of orthogroups with two or more copies, colour-coded by ancestral state (yellow: ancestral; grey: species-specific). Vespa mandarinia has the highest number of duplicated genes. All wasps have a high proportion of species-specific duplications. (b) Illustrative example of orthogroups that are duplicated in all three Vespa species, with associated Hymenoptera gene description after BLAST nr. (c) Orthogroups clustered by Euclidean distances of dN/dS categories (orthogroups in columns, blue represents positive selection in branch-site models) and by rows (species). There is very little overlap between species; overlapping areas with genes of interest are highlighted. Number of orthogroups that have experienced positive selection (dN/dS > 1, FDR 0.05) in Vespa and Vespula branches. Vespa crabro has the highest number of genes with a dN/dS ratio higher than 1 (n = 104). (d) Overlap of GO terms of orthogroups having experienced positive selection. Most of the species have a unique large set of GO terms, as seen in the tall, coloured bars on the far right-hand side of the graph (Fisher classic, unadjusted P value, see ST26–ST31.
