Table 2 Development of restrictive lung diseases by body mass index category in metabolically healthy and unhealthy phenotypes.

From: Metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity and the development of lung dysfunction

BMI category

(kg/m2)

Person-years

Incident cases

Incidence rate

(cases per 103 PY)

Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI)

Multivariable-adjusted HRa

(95% CI)

HR (95% CI)b

(in the model using time-dependent variables)

Model 1

Model 2

Total (n = 270,190)

 < 18.5

62,646.0

732

11.7

1.89 (1.75–2.05)

1.90 (1.75–2.05)

1.90 (1.75–2.06)

2.17 (2.00–2.35)

 18.5–22.9

531,375.3

3969

7.5

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 23.0–24.9

277,652.6

2307

8.3

1.03 (0.97–1.08)

1.03 (0.97–1.08)

1.02 (0.97–1.08)

0.94 (0.89–0.99)

 ≥ 25.0

349,740.1

3767

10.8

1.39 (1.32–1.46)

1.38 (1.32–1.45)

1.37 (1.31–1.44)

1.34 (1.28–1.41)

 P for linear trend

   

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 P for quadratic trend

   

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Metabolically healthy (n = 128,548)

 < 18.5

54,008.0

597

11.1

1.89 (1.73–2.07)

1.90 (1.74–2.08)

1.90 (1.74–2.08)

2.19 (2.00–2.40)

 18.5–22.9

370,170.1

2426

6.6

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 23.0–24.9

128,735.9

771

6.0

0.91 (0.84–0.99)

0.91 (0.83–0.98)

0.90 (0.83–0.98)

0.83 (0.76–0.90)

 ≥ 25.0

92,426.4

674

7.3

1.16 (1.06–1.27)

1.15 (1.05–1.25)

1.14 (1.04–1.24)

1.11 (1.02–1.20)

 P for linear trend

   

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 P for quadratic trend

   

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Metabolically unhealthy (n = 141,642)

 < 18.5

8638.0

135

15.6

1.96 (1.65–2.34)

1.97 (1.65–2.35)

1.98 (1.66–2.36)

2.12 (1.77–2.54)

 18.5–22.9

161,205.2

1543

9.6

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 23.0–24.9

148,916.8

1536

10.3

1.07 (1.00–1.15)

1.07 (1.00–1.15)

1.07 (1.00–1.15)

1.00 (0.93–1.07)

 ≥ 25.0

257,313.7

3093

12.0

1.40 (1.32–1.49)

1.38 (1.30–1.47)

1.37 (1.29–1.46)

1.37 (1.28–1.46)

 P for liner trend

   

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 P for quadratic trend

   

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

  1. P = 0.001 for the overall interaction between metabolic health status and BMI category for incident restrictive lung diseases (adjusted model 1).
  2. aEstimated from parametric proportional hazard models. Multivariable model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, centre, year of screening examination, education level, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity level, and total energy intake; model 2: model 1 plus adjustment for eosinophil count and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level.
  3. bEstimated from parametric proportional hazard models with BMI category, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity level, and total energy intake as time-dependent categorical variables and baseline age, sex, centre, year of screening examination, and education level as time-fixed variables.
  4. BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, PY person years.
Back to article page