Table 6 Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality tests.

From: Insights from BRICS-T economies on the impact of human capital and renewable electricity consumption on environmental quality

Null hypothesis:

W-stat

Zbar-stat

Prob

EG \(\ne\) LCF

6.53748*

8.12439

0.0000

LCF \(\ne\) EG

8.21340*

10.6225

0.0000

ELEC \(\ne\) LCF

6.29120*

7.75730

0.0000

LCF \(\ne\) ELEC

0.32080

ā€‰āˆ’ā€‰1.14201

0.2534

IND \(\ne\) LCF

8.65406*

11.2793

0.0000

LCF \(\ne\) IND

1.45776

0.55111

0.5816

HC \(\ne\) LCF

4.30046*

4.76450

0.0000

LCF \(\ne\) HC

2.08019

1.46992

0.1416

\({\text{RECE}}^{ + }\) \(\ne\) LCF

9.51820*

12.5674

0.0000

LCF \(\ne {\text{RECE}}^{ + }\)

0.86021

ā€‰āˆ’ā€‰0.33858

0.7349

LCF \(\ne {\text{RECE}}^{ - }\)

2.42638**

1.99651

0.0459

\({\text{RECE}}^{ - }\)\(\ne\) LCF

0.99036

ā€‰āˆ’ā€‰0.14398

0.8855

  1. Significance levels of 5% and 1% are shown by **and *, respectively.
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