Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics at baseline.
Variables | Total (n = 8129) | Survivors (n = 6500) | Non-survivor (n = 1629) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic features | ||||
Age (years) | 68.7 [57.2, 79.6] | 68.1 [56.8, 79.0] | 71.3 [59.3, 81.8] | < 0.001 |
Sex, male, n (%) | 4708 (57.9) | 3806 (58.6) | 902 (55.4) | 0.022 |
Weight (kg) | 81.8 [68.7, 98.0] | 82.6 [69.5, 98.8] | 79.0 [65.5, 95.0] | < 0.001 |
Chronic disease history, n (%) | ||||
Chronic pulmonary disease | 2358 (29.0) | 1885 (29.0) | 473 (29.0) | 1 |
Peptic ulcer disease | 261 (3.2) | 200 (3.1) | 61 (3.7) | 0.198 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 1143 (14.1) | 915 (14.1) | 228 (14.0) | 0.965 |
Myocardial infarction | 1643 (20.2) | 1302 (20.0) | 341 (20.9) | 0.437 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1250 (15.4) | 915 (14.1) | 335 (20.6) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 2566 (31.6) | 2088 (32.1) | 478 (29.3) | 0.033 |
Aids | 37 (0.5) | 29 (0.4) | 8 (0.5) | 0.972 |
Renal disease | 1938 (23.8) | 1508 (23.2) | 430 (26.4) | 0.007 |
Dementia | 321 (3.9) | 242 (3.7) | 79 (4.8) | 0.044 |
Rheumatic disease | 305 (3.8) | 229 (3.5) | 76 (4.7) | 0.036 |
Paraplegia | 376 (4.6) | 277 (4.3) | 99 (6.1) | 0.002 |
Liver disease | 1384 (17.0) | 921 (14.2) | 463 (28.4) | < 0.001 |
Cancer | 1108 (13.6) | 774 (11.9) | 334 (20.5) | < 0.001 |
Congestive heart failure | 2831 (34.8) | 2236 (34.4) | 595 (36.5) | 0.114 |
Vital signs | ||||
Heart rate (beats/minute) | 86.1 [76.2, 98.5] | 85.3 [76.2, 97.3] | 89.6 [76.6, 102.8] | < 0.001 |
MAP (mmHg) | 74.8 [69.6, 81.3] | 75.0 [69.9, 81.4] | 74.1 [68.2, 80.9] | < 0.001 |
Respiratory rate (beats/minute) | 19.3 [16.9, 22.4] | 19.0 [16.7, 22.0] | 20.9 [18.1, 24.0] | < 0.001 |
Body temperature (°C) | 36.9 [36.6, 37.3] | 36.9 [36.6, 37.3] | 36.8 [36.4, 37.2] | < 0.001 |
SpO2 (%) | 97.4 [95.9, 98.7] | 97.5 [96.0, 98.7] | 97.2 [95.5, 98.7] | < 0.001 |
Laboratory results | ||||
Scr (mg/dL) | 1.3 [0.9, 2.1] | 1.2 [0.9, 2.0] | 1.7 [1.1, 2.6] | < 0.001 |
Serum glucose (mg/dL) | 155 [124, 209] | 151 [122, 200] | 173 [132, 238] | < 0.001 |
Serum chloride (mEq/L) | 107 [103, 111] | 107 [103, 111] | 106 [101, 111] | < 0.001 |
Serum calcium (mg/dL) | 8.5 [8.0, 9.0] | 8.5 [8.0, 8.9] | 8.5 [8.0, 9.1] | 0.002 |
Hematocrit (%) | 34.8 [30.7, 39.7] | 35.0 [31.0, 39.6] | 34.4 [29.7, 40.1] | 0.004 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.4 [10.0, 13.1] | 11.5 [10.1, 13.1] | 11.2 [9.6, 13.0] | < 0.001 |
Platelets (K/uL) | 209 [151, 282] | 210 [155, 281] | 202 [130, 288] | < 0.001 |
Anion gap (mEq/L) | 17.0 [14.0, 20.0] | 16.0 [13.0, 19.0] | 19.0 [15.0, 22.0] | < 0.001 |
WBC (K/uL) | 14.6 [10.6, 19.8] | 14.4 [10.6, 19.4] | 15.7 [11.1, 21.6] | < 0.001 |
INR | 1.4 [1.2, 1.7] | 1.3 [1.2, 1.6] | 1.5 [1.2, 2.2] | < 0.001 |
Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 24.0 [21.0, 27.0] | 24.0 [22.0, 27.0] | 23.0 [20.0, 26.0] | < 0.001 |
Serum sodium (mEq/L) | 140 [137, 143] | 140 [138, 143] | 140 [137, 144] | 0.056 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 26.0 [17.0, 42.0] | 24.0 [16.0, 39.0] | 33.0 [22.0, 53.0] | < 0.001 |
Serum potassium (mEq/L) | 4.6 [4.2, 5.1] | 4.5 [4.2, 5.1] | 4.6 [4.2, 5.3] | < 0.001 |
PT (s) | 15.2 [13.2, 18.7] | 14.9 [13.1, 17.9] | 16.5 [13.6, 23.5] | < 0.001 |
PTT (s) | 34.2 [29.0, 48.9] | 33.5 [28.7, 46.3] | 38.5 [30.3, 58.2] | < 0.001 |
Urine output (mL) | 1295 [765, 2000] | 1385 [855, 2090] | 915 [445, 1598] | < 0.001 |
Treatments, n (%) | ||||
RRT | 592 (7.3) | 408 (6.3) | 184 (11.3) | < 0.001 |
Vasopressors use | 785 (9.7) | 498 (7.7) | 287 (17.6) | < 0.001 |
Mechanical ventilation | 7485 (92.1) | 5980 (92.0) | 1505 (92.4) | 0.64 |
Severity scores of illness | ||||
SOFA score | 7 [5, 10] | 7 [4, 10] | 10 [7, 13] | < 0.001 |
SAPS II | 42 [34, 52] | 40 [32, 49] | 51 [41, 61] | < 0.001 |
