Table 4 Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazards modelling of Time to Escalation in the training and validation population.

From: Delineating COVID-19 subgroups using routine clinical data identifies distinct in-hospital outcomes

Covariate

Training

Validation

HR

Lower 95%

Upper 95%

p-value

HR

Lower 95%

Upper 95%

p-value

Age

1.01

1.00

1.02

0.01

1.01

1.00

1.01

0.29

Sex

0.80

0.62

1.03

0.08

0.59

0.45

0.78

0.00

Subtype 1

4.05

2.08

7.88

0.00

2.69

1.32

5.47

0.01

Subtype 2

3.73

1.85

7.49

0.00

2.77

1.41

5.45

0.00

Subtype 3

5.04

2.37

10.74

0.00

2.58

1.28

5.17

0.01

Weighted stage

2.74

1.35

5.56

0.01

2.99

1.58

5.66

0.00

Subtype 1: wstage

0.44

0.22

0.90

0.02

0.39

0.20

0.75

0.00

Subtype 2: wstage

0.42

0.21

0.86

0.02

0.42

0.22

0.80

0.01

Subtype 3: wstage

0.35

0.17

0.72

0.00

0.38

0.20

0.73

0.00

  1. The hazard ratios, HR, (and consequently the exponent of model coefficients) between the training and validation populations show significant overlap. The effects of the frailty variable—NHS Hospital trust, are not shown as there are 14 centres in the population.
  2. wstage: weighted SuStaIn stage; sex 0: female; sex 1: male; variable interactions denoted with ‘:’