Table 2 Kidney urine and circulating biomarkers in castrated male Göttingen Minipigs fed with standard diet (SD) or fat, fructose and cholesterol rich diet (FFC) with or without additional salt (S) and with or without streptozotocin-induced diabetes (DIA).

From: Functional and morphological renal changes in a Göttingen Minipig model of obesity-related and diabetic nephropathy

Parameter

Time

SD

n = 8

FFC

n = 16

FFC-DIA

n = 14

FFC-DIA + S

n = 14

Overall significant

P-values

Circulating kidney biomarkers

Plasma creatinine

(mmol/L)

T1

0.073

(0.068–0.076)

0.055

(0.048–0.064)

0.036

(0.028–0.049)12

0.038

(0.026–0.050)

Group (P < 0.0001):

SD > FFC > FFC-DIA, FFC-DIA + S

Time (P < 0.0001): T2 > T1

T2

0.082

(0.070–0.091)7

0.070

(0.058–0.077)13

0.039

(0.035–0.049)8

0.046

(0.041–0.067)7

Plasma urea

(mmol/L)

T1

1.9 (1.7–2.9)

2.9 (2.6–3.5)

3.4 (2.4–4.4)12

3.6 (2.9–3.8)

Group (P < 0.0001):

FFC-DIA, FFC-DIA + S > SD, FFC

T2

1.7 (1.6–2.0)7

2.4 (2.1–2.5)13

3.4 (2.8–3.8)8

3.9 (3.4–4.1)7

Plasma NGAL

(ng/mL)

T1

80.5

(70.0–95.6)7

74.9

(68.1–88.9)14

78.7 (67.5–82.1)7

73.8

(64.8–97.8)8

#NS

T2

75.7

(63.6–91.2)7

77.0

(73.1–79.4)14

68.6

(51.5–76.4)8

79.8

(62.0–93.9)8

Urinary kidney biomarkers

Urinary glucose

(mmol/L)

T1

0.92

(0.65–5.15)

1.00

(0.49–10.92)

64.6

(63.5–66.7)12

66.4

(64.4–66.8)9

#Group (P < 0.0001):

FFC-DIA, FFC-DIA + S > SD, FFC

T2

0.50

(0.16–0.92)7

0.59

(0.42–1.00)14

279.7

(134.5–361.9)8

147.0

(98.9–335.0)9

UACR

(mg/g)

T1

14.1

(3.65–47.8)

14.8

(5.65–52.25)

84.5

(26.2–270.2)12

18.4

(4.2–36.6)9

##T1:Group (P = 0.047)

Posthoc tests NS

T2

8.2

(4.3–9.8)7

6.5

(4.0–12.5)14

120.6

(4.3–920.0)8

10.8

(6.0–42.5)9

UPCR

(mg/g)

T1

73.9

(62.5–154.6)

126.1

(95.8–175.9)

311.3

(219.5–505.3)12

176.0

(137.0–181.1)9

#Group (P < 0.0001):

FFC-DIA > FFC, SD, FFC-DIA + S

T2

117.2

(76.2–132.2)7

96.1

(70.4–115.9)14

281.0

(130.2–461.1)8

115.9

(106.1–224.7)9

UNGALCR

(ng/mg)

T1

6.6

(4.0–9.3)6

13.9

(10.3–20.0)14

51.3

(37.1–122.6)8

27.0

(19.0–42.9)8

#Group (P < 0.0001):

FFC-DIA, FFC-DIA + S > SD, FFC

T2

5.0

(3.8–11.3)6

13.8

(8.5–19.5)13

38.9

(23.2–63.2)8

32.0

(11.6–53.7)8

  1. NGAL:neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, UACR: urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, UPCR: urinary protein to creatinine ratio, UNGALCR: urinary NGAL to creatinine ratio. Two parameters were influenced by cohort: Plasma creatinine (CoB > CoC) (P = 0.034) and plasma urea (CoA > CoC (P = 0.0003).
  2. T1: Approx. 7 months of diet-feeding, T2: Approx. 13 months of diet feeding.
  3. Median and interquartile range (Q1-Q3).
  4. Superscript: Actual numbers included in the statistical analysis due to missing data. P-values from post hoc tests were adjusted using Bonferroni correction.
  5. #Logaritmic transformation, ##Non parametric test.
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