Table 3 Kidney functional and morphological changes in castrated male Göttingen Minipigs fed with standard diet (SD) or fat, fructose and cholesterol rich diet (FFC) with or without additional salt (S) and with or without streptozotocin-induced diabetes (DIA).

Functional kidney parameters
GFR (ml/min/pig)	T1	13.5 (12.8–14.9)	24.1 (19.6–26.2)¹⁵	17.9 (16.5–21.1)¹⁰	20.2 (14.7–23.5)⁷	*Grouptime (**P < 0.0029): T1: FFC > SD, FFC-DIA T2:FFC, FFC-DIA, FFC-DIA + S > SD T2 > T1: FFC, FFC-DIA, FFC-DIA + S
GFR (ml/min/pig)	T2	17.1 (14.6–18.0)⁸	29.5 (26.3–33.1)¹³	36.4 (32.4–41.3)⁷	27.1 (25.8–35.6)⁶
Resitive index	T1	0.42 (0.38–0.42)	0.44 (0.41–0.48)	0.46 (0.38–0.48)¹²	0.47 (0.43–0.55)⁹	Group (P = 0.0002): FFC, FFC-DIA, FFC-DIA + S > SD Time (P = 0.047): T2 > T1
Resitive index	T2	0.37 (0.36–0.42)⁷	0.47 (0.44–0.50)¹⁴	0.49 (0.44–0.51)⁸	0.52 (0.43–0.57)⁸

Kidney morphology
Kidney weight (KW) (g)	T2	72 (57–76)⁷	116 (100–126)¹⁴	139 (128–151)⁸	109 (96–143)⁸	Group (P < 0.0001): FFC, FFC-DIA, FFC-DIA + S > SD
Kidney fibrosis	T2	0.0679 (0.0661–0.0104)⁷	0.0854 (0.0470–0.1259)¹⁴	0.0555 (0.0422–0.0722)⁸	0.0653 (0.0406–0.1152)⁸	NS
Average percentage glomeruli with ME score 0/1/2/3	T2	100/0/0/0	51/22/16/10¹⁴	30/31/15/24⁸	26/33/20/21	^####NS for comparison between the FFC groups SD not included in the analysis since all had score 0
Glomerulus area (µm²)	T2	11,383 (9202–11,602)⁷	14,907 (13,174–21,771)¹⁴	21,839 (18,518–30,269)⁸	18,262 (16,066–25,095)⁸	^##Group (P < 0.0001): FFC, FFC-DIA, FFC-DIA + S > SD

GFR: glomerular filtration rate, FFBM: fat-free body mass, KW: kidney weight. T1: Approx. 7 months of diet-feeding, T2: Approx. 13 months of diet feeding. Median and interquartile range (Q1-Q3). Superscript: Actual numbers included in the statistical analysis due to missing data. P-values from post hoc tests were adjusted using Bonferroni correction. ^##Non parametric test, ^###Two-sided analysis of variance, ^####Proc genmod.

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