Table 3 Pooled associations between partial substitutions of red meat or processed meat with legumes, vegetables, fruits, cereals or the combination of plant-based foods and type 2 diabetes risk in men and women.

From: Partial substitution of red or processed meat with plant-based foods and the risk of type 2 diabetes

 

Men

Women

HR (95% CI)

Model1

HR (95% CI)

Model2

Phet.1

HR (95% CI)

Model1

HR (95% CI), %

Model2

Phet.1

Substitution of red meat (100 g/week) with

 Legumes, 100 g/week

1.02 (0.92, 1.14)

1.05 (0.95, 1.16)

0.11

1.02 (0.93, 1.12)

1.01 (0.90, 1.14)

0.32

 Vegetables2 (excluding legumes), 100 g/week

0.98 (0.96, 1.00)

0.99 (0.97, 1.01)

0.50

0.96 (0.94, 0.99)*

0.99 (0.96, 1.02)

0.53

 Fruits, 100 g/week

0.98 (0.96, 0.99)*

0.98 (0.97, 1.00)*

0.56

0.96 (0.93, 0.99)*

0.99 (0.96, 1.01)

0.50

 Cereals, 100 g/week

0.96 (0.93, 0.99)*

0.97 (0.95, 0.99)*

0.58

0.95 (0.92, 0.98)*

0.99 (0.95, 1.02)

0.96

 Legumes, vegetables, cereals, and fruits, 100 g/week

0.98 (0.96, 1.00)*

0.98 (0.97, 1.00)

0.43

0.96 (0.93, 0.99)*

0.98 (0.96, 1.01)

0.58

Substitution of processed meat (50 g/week) with

 Legumes, 50 g/week

1.01 (0.97, 1.05)

1.02 (0.98, 1.06)

0.25

1.02 (0.98, 1.07)

1.03 (0.99, 1.08)

0.50

 Vegetables2 (excluding legumes), 50 g/week

0.98 (0.98, 0.99)*

0.99 (0.99, 1.00)

0.86

0.98 (0.97, 0.99)*

1.00 (0.98, 1.02)

0.57

 Fruits, 50 g/week

0.98 (0.97, 0.99)*

0.99 (0.98, 1.00)*

0.95

0.98 (0.97, 0.99)*

1.00 (0.98, 1.02)

0.63

 Cereals, 50 g/week

0.97 (0.95, 0.99)*

0.99 (0.98, 1.00)*

0.52

0.97 (0.95, 0.99)*

1.00 (0.98, 1.03)

0.25

 Legumes, vegetables, cereals, and fruits, 50 g/week

0.98 (0.96, 0.99)*

0.99 (0.98, 1.00)*

0.93

0.98 (0.96, 0.99)*

1.00 (0.98, 1.01)

0.54

  1. Model 1: adjusted for age (years, continuous) and energy (kJ/day, continuous).
  2. Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 + education (tertiles by birth year), smoking (never, former, current), body mass index.
  3. (kg/m2, continuous), leisure-time physical activity (passive, somewhat active, active), diastolic blood pressure (mmHg, continuous), systolic blood pressure (mmHg, continuous), total serum cholesterol (mmol/l, continuous), hormone replacement therapy (women) (ever, never), alcohol (as ethanol, g/day, continuous), sugar sweetened beverages (g/day, continuous), dairy (g/day, continuous) and coffee (g/day, continuous).
  4. *P < 0.05.
  5. 1P for heterogeneity from Q-statistics between pooled cohorts. Adjusted as Model 2.
  6. 2Nuts and seeds are included in vegetables.
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