Figure 4

Piping plover (Charadrius melodus) relative abundance (sum of predicted point intensities) across the U.S. Prairie Pothole Region in each year. Estimates were calculated using pixels that were greater than the habitat suitability threshold. Estimates from 2020 and 2021 were based on an average spatial random field and habitat associations generated from nesting data collected between 2000 and 2019 (denoted by the dashed vertical line). The shaded area indicates 95% confidence intervals.