Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: The phase of plasticity-induced neurochemical changes of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation are different from visual perceptual learning

Figure 1

(a) Procedures for the HF rTMS groups. (b) Procedures for the VPL group8. (c) Voxel of interest (VOI) in the visual cortex for MRS measurements. (d) Mean (± S.E.M.) E/I ratio changes in the HF rTMS (blue) and sham rTMS (gray) groups as a function of time. (e) Mean (± S.E.M.) E/I ratio changes in the VPL (red) group as a function of time. The E/I ratio refers to the concentration of glutamate divided by the concentration of GABA+. Shaded areas indicate S.E.M. An asterisk indicates a significance level of *p < 0.05 after FDR correction. The color of the asterisks represents post hoc comparisons: blue asterisks indicate the comparisons within the HF rTMS group, red asterisks indicate the comparisons within the VPL group, and black asterisks indicate the significant differences between the HF rTMS and the other groups. MRI magnetic resonance imaging, MRS magnetic resonance spectroscopy, PT phosphene threshold, HF high-frequency, VPL visual perceptual learning.

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