Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: Respiratory entrainment of the locus coeruleus modulates arousal level to avoid physical risks from external vibration

Figure 1

An illustration of the computational model for predicting arousal levels following external body vibration. Vibrational input, excitatory or inhibitory synaptic flows, CO\(_2\) signal, mechanical signal and model outputs are depicted in blue, black, light blue, green and red, respectively. External body vibration inputs were provided by sinusoidal waves with different amplitudes and frequencies. Amygdala, LC, NTS, respiratory and cardiac centres were modelled using the Hodgkin–Huxley (HH)-type neurons, while the cardiac system was modelled using the FitzHugh–Nagumo (FHN)-type neurons. The models included different neural oscillators, wherein the default oscillatory frequencies for breathing rate (BR), heart rate (HR), and neuron groups in the brain stem were 0.25–0.3 [Hz], 1.0–1.6 [Hz] and 4–10 [Hz], respectively. BR, HR and NE-modulated conductance from the LC to the cortex, representing the arousal level were calculated as model outputs.

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