Table 1 Surface roughness and contact angle of perovskite solution on ITO, polished FTO, and FTO.

From: Understanding the impact of surface roughness: changing from FTO to ITO to PEN/ITO for flexible perovskite solar cells

 

Rq

Ra

Contact angle

ITO

2.154 nm

1.765 nm

67.8° ± 1.24°

Polished FTO

14.963 nm

11.275 nm

58.0° ± 1.19°

FTO

45.425 nm

35.916 nm

52.0° ± 1.9°

  1. The root mean squared of the vertical deviations of the roughness profile from the mean line is Rq and the arithmetic average of the vertical deviations is Ra. The values have been quantified through atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements.
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