Table 1 Key concepts, their operationalisations, motivation for their inclusion, and hypotheses.
From: Evidence from 43 countries that disease leaves cultures unchanged in the short-term
Concept | Variable | Summary | Predictions |
|---|---|---|---|
Collectivism/individualism43 | Collectivism | Collectivism emphasizes low tolerance of deviation from in-group norms and a high attention on conformity and obedience | Hypothesis 1: Collectivism increases |
Duty/joy43 | Duty | Duty emphasizes hard work as important child quality and claim that people are in need because they are lazy | Hypothesis 2: Duty increases |
Traditionalism/autonomy (World Values Survey) | Traditionalism | Autonomy emphasizes qualities like independence and determination/perseverance at the expense of religious faith and obedience | Hypothesis 3: Traditionalism increases |
Pro-fertility/individual choice norms6 | Individual choice | Pro-fertility norms support traditional gender roles and stigmatise non-traditional sexual behaviour | Hypothesis 4: Individual choice norms decrease |
Hygiene norms1 | Spitting inappropriateness | Where people think it is inappropriate to spit | Hypothesis 5: Spitting inappropriateness increases |
Perceived societal threats1 | Immigration | Immigration | Hypothesis 6: Immigration threat increases |
Subsistence | Food deprivation, lack of safe water, poor quality of air, diseases, and natural disasters | Hypothesis 7: Subsistence threat increases | |
Socialization hypothesis | Age differences | Intergenerational cultural change | Hypothesis 8: COVID-19 effect is larger on younger people |
