Table 1 Summary characteristics of the analytic cohort.
No Surgery | Surgery | Total | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | ||||
Age—n (%) | 0.393 | |||
65–69 | 925 (7.7) | 127 (11.9) | 1052 (8.1) | |
70–79 | 3463 (29.1) | 457 (42.8) | 3920 (30.2) | |
80–89 | 5945 (49.9) | 442 (41.4) | 6387 (49.2) | |
90 + | 1581 (13.3) | 43 (4.0) | 1624 (12.3) | |
Male—n (%) | 5057 (41.7) | 527 (47.9) | 5584 (42.3) | 0.125 |
Race—n (%) | 0.021 | |||
White | 11,114 (93.0) | 983 (91.6) | 12,097 (92.9) | |
Asian | 335 (2.8) | 48 (4.5) | 383 (2.9) | |
Black | 398 (3.3) | 34 (3.2) | 432 (3.2) | |
Other | 103 (0.9) | 8 (0.8) | 111 (0.9) | |
Insurance—n (%) | 0.028 | |||
Government | 6216 (80.9) | 521 (80.0) | 6737 (80.8) | |
Other | 1009(13.1) | 87 (13.4) | 1096 (13.2) | |
Private | 456 (5.9) | 43 (6.6) | 449 (6.0) | |
Frailty Index—n (%) | 0.008 | |||
0 | 2277 (21.7) | 195 (21.0) | 2472 (21.7) | |
1 | 4550 (43.5) | 414 (44.5) | 4964 (43.5) | |
= > 2 | 3645 (34.8) | 322 (34.6) | 3967 (34.8) | |
Injury/presentation characteristics | ||||
ISS ≥ 16—n (%) | 406 (3.4) | 22 (2.0) | 428 (3.2) | 0.076 |
GCS—n (%) | 0.132 | |||
3–8 | 155 (1.5) | 9 (1) | 164 (1.4) | |
9–12 | 181 (1.7) | 9 (1.0) | 190 (1.7) | |
13–14 | 1308 (12.5) | 80 (8.6) | 1388 (12.2) | |
15 | 8828 (84.3) | 833 (89.5) | 9661 (84.7) | |
Mechanism of Injury—n (%) | 0.012 | |||
MVC | 1396 (11.5) | 122 (11.1) | 1518 (11.5) | |
Fall | 10,449 (86.2) | 948 (86.2) | 11,397 (86.2) | |
Others | 273 (2.3) | 30 (2.7) | 303 (2.3) | |
Assisted ventilation in ED—n (%) | 260 (2.2) | 20 (1.9) | 280 (2.2) | 0.022 |
Hemorrhagic Shock—n (%) | 96 (0.8) | 3 (0.3) | 99 (0.7) | 0.060 |
Transferred from another institution—n (%) | 6947 (63.2) | 708 (70.3) | 7655 (63.8) | 0.148 |
Positive alcohol test—n (%) | 284 (2.4) | 41 (3.8) | 325 (2.5) | 0.091 |
Positive drug test—n (%) | 880 (7.3) | 92 (8.4) | 972 (7.4) | 0.042 |
CCI—n (%) | 0.281 | |||
2 | 662 (5.5) | 104 (9.5) | 766 (5.8) | |
3 | 2215 (18.3) | 300 (27.3) | 2515 (19.0) | |
4 | 8119 (67.0) | 618 (56.2) | 8717 (66.1 ) | |
= > 5 | 1122 (9.3) | 78 (7.1) | 1200 (9.1) | |
Hospital characteristics | ||||
Level I trauma center—n (%) | 5531 (45.6) | 464 (42.2) | 5995 (45.4) | 0.069 |
Teaching Status—n (%) | 0.034 | |||
Community | 5353 (44.2) | 525 (47.8) | 5878 (44.5) | |
Non-teaching | 1730 (14.3) | 113 (10.3) | 1843 (14.0) | |
University | 5020 (41.5) | 460 (41.9) | 5480 (41.5) | |
