Table 3 Image quality evaluation metrics based on hard tissue, soft tissue, and air evaluation of the image.

Mean absolute error

Large patch

3.41 ± 1.43

23.47 ± 1.94

13.97 ± 4.18

< 0.0001*

Small patch

3.29 ± 1.47

21.06 ± 1.55

12.92 ± 3.77

< 0.0001*

Peak signal-to-noise ratio

Large patch

19.61 ± 1.60

16.63 ± 0.70

20.46 ± 1.40

< 0.0001*

Small patch

19.73 ± 1.71

17.24 ± 0.78

20.96 ± 1.36

< 0.0001*

Structural similarity index map

Large patch

0.8944 ± 0.03

0.6847 ± 0.04

0.6183 ± 0.07

< 0.0001*

Small patch

0.8934 ± 0.03

0.6923 ± 0.04

0.6220 ± 0.07

< 0.0001*