Table 1 Baseline characteristics.

Age (Years)

53.4 (8.6)

42.2 (13.0)

50.0 (11.7)

50.9 (7.2)

Gender: N (%)

 Male

3 (18.8)

1 (9.1)

10 (47.6)

2 (28.6)

 Female

13 (81.3)

10 (90.9)

11 (52.4)

5 (71.4)

Diabetes: N (%)

6 (37.5)

1 (9.1)

11 (52.4)

3 (42.9)

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)^{^}

5.8 (5.1–6.9)

5.0 (4.5–5.2) *

5.1 (4.9–5.9)

5.3 (5.1–8.9)

HbA1c (mmol/mol)^{^}

41 (37–53)

36 (34–40)

42 (38–46)

42 (36–58)

HbA1c (%)

5.9 (5.5–7.0)

5.4 (5.3–5.8)

6.0 (5.6–6.4)

6.0 (5.4–7.5)

Insulin (mU/L)^{^,#}

12.3 (9.8–14.4)

11 (6.9–24.4)

18.7 (15.7–26.8)

11.5 (5.0–24.8)

HOMA-IR^{^,#}

2.7 (2.2–5.5)

2.4 (1.5–5.6)

4.6 (3.4–6.8)

6.0 (5.4–7.5)

Weight (kg)

110.9 (26.0)

105.0 (16.5)

125.3 (16.9) *

113.1 (15.9)

Lean mass (kg)

54.3 (9.3)

50.5 (7.1)

60.5 (7.9) *

54.2 (9.7)

Fat mass (kg)

49.1 (9.3)

51.3 (9.2)

56.8 (8.2)

55.3 (14.2)

Waist (cm)

122.1 (14.2)

110.9 (7.3)*

132.3 (12.6)*

119.7 (12.3)

BMI (kg/m²)

38.1 (6.6)

37.7 (4.5)

42.5 (5.3)*

42.3 (7.7)

Fasting Adiponectin (ng/mL)^{^}

6615 (4339–7609)

6407 (5152–9749)

6229 (4127–9339)

6029 (4318–11,187)

FGF21 (pg/mL)^{^}

115.0 (62.9–164.0)

73.6 (51.7–91.7)

122.2 (31.4–210.5)

75.3 (66.0–180.0)

RBP4 (µg/mL)^{^}

12.6 (10.4–15.1)

8.5 (7.3–9.7)*

9.5 (7.5–19.1)

18.6 (14.3–33.3)*

CRP (µg/mL)^{^}

5.1 (1.9–9.7)

5.5 (2.4–12.5)

11.9 (6.5–20.6)*

13.0 (3.8–17.6)*

PYY-fasting (pg/mL)^{^}

104.0 (71.9–126.4)

64.8 (47.0–111.3)

104.9 (81.8–151.6)

83.7 (67.4–118.6)

Post-prandial (pg/mL)^{^}

130.3 (108–166)

93.5 (63.8–158.8)

134.3 (105.2–178.3)

120.5 (77.4–133.2)

GLP1—fasting (pM/mL)^{^}

8.1 (7.6–10.4)

6.4 (6.1–10.0)

7.5 (6.5–8.0)*

5.7 (5.0–6.1)*

Post-prandial (pM/mL)^{^}

8.1 (7.8–12.1)

7.1 (6.1–9.3)

8.1 (7.5–8.7)

6.5 (5.3–7.0)*