Table 3 Pediatric assessment of newborns and infants born to ZIKV-exposed and unexposed pregnant women of the cohort from Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, 2017–2019.

From: Risk of adverse pregnancy and infant outcomes associated with prenatal Zika virus infection: a post-epidemic cohort in Central-West Brazil

Variables

Total N=72 (%)

Groups

p value

ZIKV (+) n=45 (%)

ZIKV (−) n=27 (%)

Male

38/72 (52.8)

23/45 (51.1)

15/27 (55.6)

0.715a

Gestational age (weeks)

Median (IQR)

39 (38–40)

39 (37.5–40)

39 (38–40)

0.375b

Minimum-maximum

30–42

30–42

36–41

 

Preterm birth (weeks)

9/72 (12.5)

8/45 (17.7)

1/27 (3.7)

0.140c

Very preterm (≥28 to <32)

2/72 (2.8)

2/45 (4.4)

0/27 (0)

0.524

Moderate to late preterm (≥32 to <37)

7/72 (9.7)

6/45 (13.3)

1/27 (3.7)

0.244

5th minute APGAR

N=67

n=44

n=23

 

Median (IQR)

9 (9–10)

9 (9–10)

10 (9–10)

0.146b

Birth weight (grams)

N=70

n=44

n=26

 

Median (IQR)

3162 (2800–3552)

3150 (2760–3466)

3428 (2867–3607)

0.126b

Length at birth (centimeters)

N=68

n=43

n=25

 

Median (IQR)

50 (48–51)

49 (47–51)

50 (48–51)

0.292b

Head circumference (centimeters)

N=70

n=44

n=26

 

Median (IQR)

34.5 (33–35)

34 (33–35)

35 (34–35)

0.469b

Minimum-maximum

25–37

25–37

33–37

 

Small for gestational age

6/70 (8.6)

5/44 (11.4)

1/26 (3.8)

0.538c

Microcephaly at birth

4/70 (5.7)

4/44 (9.1)

0/26 (0)

0.167c

Moderate (> −3 to ≤ −2 SD)

3/70 (4.3)

3/44 (6.8)

0/26 (0)

0.289

Severe (≤ −3 SD)

1/70 (1.4)

1/44 (2.3)

0/26 (0)

1.000

Transfontanellar ultrasound and/or computed tomography exams

37/70 (52.8)

29/44 (65.9)

8/26 (30.7)

0.004

Any abnormality

4/37 (10.8)

4/29 (13.8)

0/8 (0)

0.495c

Calcifications

4/37 (10.8)

4/29 (13.8)

0/8 (0)

0.495c

Ventriculomegaly

3/37 (8.1)

3/29 (10.3)

0/8 (0)

0.666c

Focal or diffuse cortical atrophy

3/37 (8.1)

3/29 (10.3)

0/8 (0)

0.666c

Pediatric evaluation

59/72 (81.9)

43/45 (95.6)

16/27 (59.3)

0.002

Postnatal microcephalyd

3/59 (5.1)

3/43 (7.0)

0/16 (0)

0.561c

Ophthalmological evaluation

55/72 (76.4)

44/45 (97.8)

11/27 (40.7)

<0.001

Any eye anomaly

26/55 (47.3)

24/44 (54.5)

2/11 (18.6)

0.060c

Optic nerve anomalye

7/55 (12.8)

7/44 (15.9)

0/11 (0)

0.261c

Hypoplasia

4/55 (7.3)

4/44 (9.1)

0/11 (0)

0.573

Pallor

2/55 (3.6)

2/44 (4.5)

0/11 (0)

1.000

Excavation

3/55 (5.4)

3/44 (6.8)

0/11 (0)

1.000

Retinal anomalye

25/54 (46.3)

23/43 (53.5)

2/11 (18.2)

0.046c

Chorioretinal atrophy

8/54 (14.8)

8/43 (18.6)

0/11 (0)

0.184

Chorioretinal scarring

3/54 (5.6)

3/43 (7.0)

0/11 (0)

1.000

Focal pigmentary mottling

12/54 (22.2)

12/43 (27.9)

0/11 (0)

0.041

Retinal hemorrhage

3/54 (5.6)

3/43 (7.0)

0/11 (0)

1.000

Retinal vascular tortuosity

1/54 (1.9)

1/43 (2.3)

0/11 (0)

1.000

Peripheral pigment dispersion

7/54 (13.0)

5/43 (11.6)

2/11 (18.2)

0.621

Neurological assessment

47/72 (65.3)

34/45 (75.6)

13/27 (48.1)

0.018

Disorders in clinical evaluation

6/47 (12.7)

4/34 (11.8)

2/13 (15.4)

0.999c

Seizures and/or neurologic impairmentf

3/47 (6.4)

3/34 (8.8)

0/13 (0)

0.550

Motor deficit and/or disturb in tone or trophism

3/47 (6.4)

1/34 (2.9)

2/13 (15.4)

0.181

  1. a. Chi-squared test. b. Mann-Whitney U test. c. Fisher’s exact test. d. 2 of the 3 postnatal microcephaly cases where detected at birth. e. One or more anomalies are possible in the same child. f. Neurologic impairments include: change in tone or trophism, hyperexcitability, localized motor deficit, behavior change, and signs of pyramidal release. Numbers may vary due to missing values. IQR Interquartile range, SD Standard deviation.
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