Table 2 The results of the generalized estimating equations for the associations between maternal distress measures and pandemic status (0: pre-pandemic; 1: pandemic), adjusting for gestational age at MRI (weeks).

From: Influence of maternal psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemic on placental morphometry and texture

 

Pre-pandemic

Pandemic

\(\beta\)

95% CI

p

N

LS mean ± SE

N

LS mean ± SE

SSAI

246

29.5 ± 2.3

73

30.7 ± 2.7

1.15

[− 1.48, 3.79]

0.39

STAI

246

31.0 ± 1.8

72

32.7 ± 2.2

1.76

[− 0.71, 4.22]

0.16

PSS

245

10.9 ± 1.3

74

14.1 ± 1.6

3.23

[1.40, 5.06]

 < 0.01

EPDS

243

4.4 ± 0.9

73

6.0 ± 1.1

1.54

[0.39, 2.69]

0.01

  1. N: number of scans; SSAI: Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory; STAI: Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory; PSS: Perceived Stress Scale; EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; LS mean: Least squares mean; SE: standard error. CI: confidence interval.
  2. Bold p: p < 0.05.
Back to article page