Table 3 The results of the generalized estimating equations for the associations between placental shape/textural features and pandemic status (0: pre-pandemic; 1: pandemic), adjusting for gestational age at MRI (weeks) and maternal distress (0: low distress, 1: high distress).

From: Influence of maternal psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemic on placental morphometry and texture

 

Pre-pandemic (LS mean ± SE)

Pandemic (LS mean ± SE)

\(\beta\)

95% CI

p

Shape features

Volume (cm3)

599.1 ± 43.3

643.5 ± 48.0

44.32

[3.77, 84.87]

0.03*

 Thickness (cm)

4.9 ± 0.2

5.3 ± 0.3

0.38

[0.12, 0.64]

 < 0.01*

 Elongation (cm)

17.8 ± 0.6

17.3 ± 0.7

− 0.58

[− 1.28, 0.12]

0.10

Textural features (first set)

 Mean GL

4.72 ± 0.57

3.93 ± 0.60

− 0.80

[− 1.15, − 0.45]

 < 0.01*

 Variance GL

0.70 ± 0.08

0.66 ± 0.09

− 0.03

[− 0.09, 0.03]

0.28

 Kurtosis GL

0.14 ± 0.03

0.23 ± 0.03

0.09

[0.06, 0.12]

 < 0.01*

 Skewness GL

0.12 ± 0.04

0.16 ± 0.04

0.04

[0.005, 0.08]

0.03*

Textural features (second set)

 Energy (× 10–3)

5.28 ± 1.80

3.61 ± 1.92

− 1.66

[− 2.96, − 0.36]

0.01

 Entropy

8.43 ± 0.29

8.54 ± 0.31

0.11

[− 0.12, 0.33]

0.35

 Inverse difference moment

0.31 ± 0.03

0.29 ± 0.04

− 0.01

[− 0.04, 0.01]

0.33

 Contrast

39.18 ± 14.64

35.49 ± 15.25

− 3.69

[− 12.03, 4.66]

0.39

 Cluster shade (× 103)

5.69 ± 3.71

5.33 ± 3.86

− 0.35

[− 2.47, 1.77]

0.74

 Cluster prominence (× 103)

1149 ± 497

873 ± 539

− 276

[− 687, 135]

0.19

Textural features (third set)

 Short run emphasis

0.88 ± 0.02

0.89 ± 0.02

0.01

[− 0.004, 0.02]

0.18

 Long run emphasis

4.36 ± 0.80

3.77 ± 0.88

− 0.59

[− 1.28, 0.10]

0.09

 GL non-uniformity

1727 ± 310

1701 ± 331

− 26

[− 250, 199]

0.82

 Run length non-uniformity (× 103)

38.59 ± 3.26

42.27 ± 3.61

3.68

[0.65, 6.71]

0.02

 Low GL run emphasis (× 10–3)

2.98 ± 1.40

1.72 ± 1.52

− 1.26

[− 2.41, − 0.11]

0.03

 High GL run emphasis

2079 ± 626

1584 ± 659

− 495

[− 898, − 92]

0.02

 Short run low GL emphasis (× 10–3)

2.40 ± 1.06

1.43 ± 1.14

− 0.96

[− 1.78, − 0.14]

0.02

 Short run high GL emphasis

1942 ± 605

1452 ± 636

− 490

[− 877, − 104]

0.01

 Long run low GL emphasis

0.04 ± 0.04

0.02 ± 0.04

− 0.02

[− 0.05, 0.01]

0.12

 Long run high GL emphasis

5176 ± 1038

4654 ± 1101

− 522

[− 1242, 198]

0.16

  1. GL: gray level; LS mean: least squares mean; SE: standard error; CI: confidence interval.
  2. Bold p: p < 0.05. *: q < 0.05.
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