Table 4 Energy intensity data for fossil fuels extraction in the upstream flow.

From: Framing a novel holistic energy subsystem structure for water-energy-food nexus based on existing literature (basic concepts)

Energy type

Unit

Amount

References

Coal

MJh/MJe

2.6

70

Lignite

MJh/MJe

2.92

70

Natural gas

MJh/MJe

1.96

70

Biomass

MJh/MJe

2.5–5.0

70

Oil

MJh/MJe

2.58

70

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