Table 2 Bleeding on probing results over time in three study groups: baseline, 2-month, and 4-month follow-up.

From: Randomized clinical trial on the clinical effects of a toothpaste containing extra virgin olive oil, xylitol, and betaine in gingivitis

Time

Control 1 (n = 21)

Control 2 (n = 20)

Test (n = 20)

Global

p-value

Between-group comparisonsa

 T0 (baseline) (%), mean ± sd

34 ± 12

38 ± 14

44 ± 18

0.129

 T2 (%), mean ± sd

20 ± 9

20 ± 13

22 ± 11

 

 T4 (%), mean ± sd

17 ± 10

19 ± 13

16 ± 10

 

Within-group comparisons

 Global comparisonb, p-value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 

 Paired comparisonsc, p-value

  T0 vs T2

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 

  T0 vs T4

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 

  T2 vs T4

0.018

0.474

0.022

 

Variable changea

 T2-T0 (%), mean ± sd

− 14 ± 7

− 18 ± 12

− 22 ± 15

0.107

 T4-T0 (%), mean ± sd

− 17 ± 8

− 19 ± 11

− 28 ± 18

0.042d

 T4-T2 (%), mean ± sd

− 3 ± 7

− 1 ± 6

− 6 ± 10

0.177

  1. aANOVA was used for between-groups and variable change comparisons (three groups). If p-value < 0.05, post-hoc paired comparisons (with Bonferroni’s method) were also performed (depicted in footnote d).
  2. bFor intra-group comparisons (three times), Friedman’s test was used.
  3. cStudent’s T-test for paired samples.
  4. dPost-hoc paired comparisons for independent groups: Significant difference between Test and Control 1 (− 10% p = 0.050; 95%-CI = − 20, − 1).
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