Figure 8

Simplified schematic of ray refraction of near-inertial waves, associated with the vertical shear of TOF. The TOF current is assumed to be surface-intensified and go towards due east. When incident waves come from north as approaching the TOF, the ray cannot descend compared to the depth determined by the buoyancy term [Eq. (8)]. When waves come from south, they can go deeper than that. Please refer to “Data and methods” for further details.